Method and composition for treatment of headache using magnesium

ABSTRACT

A method for monitoring ionized Mg 2+  concentrations and ionized Ca 2+ :Mg 2+  ratios in a patient, useful in diagnosing and prognosing disease states including headache, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, hypertension, abnormal pregnancy, head trauma, and fetal abnormalities is provided as well as a composition and a method of treating a patient with ionized Mg 2+  or ionized Ca 2+  and Mg 2+ . A method of treating headache is provided.

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of pending U.S. Ser. No. 07/864,646, filed Apr. 7, 1992 which is a continuation-in-part of pending U.S. Ser. No. 07/681,940 filed Apr. 8, 1991.

BACKGROUND ART

[0002] Magnesium (Mg) is the second most abundant cation in the body [Altura, B. M. et al., Drugs 28 (Suppl.I):120-142, 1984]. It is cofactor for more than 325 cellular enzymes involved in cellular energy production and storage, protein synthesis DNA and RNA synthesis, cell growth and reproduction, adenylate cyclase synthesis, maintenance of cellular electrolyte composition, and stabilization of mitochondrial membranes [Altura, B. M. et al, Drugs 28 (Suppl.I): 120-142, 1984; Wacker, W. E. C. Magnesium and Man, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1980]. As a consequence of these biochemical activities, Mg plays a pivotal role in control of neuronal activity, cardiac excitability, neuromuscular transmission, muscular contraction, and vasomotor tone [Altura, B. M. et al., Drugs 28 (Suppl.I):120-142, 1984; Wacker, W. E. C. Magnesium and Man, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1980; Altura, B. M. et al., in: Metal Ions in Biological Systems, ed. by H. Sigel and A. Sigel, Vol 26: Compendium on Magnesium and Its Role in Biology, Nutrition, and Physiology, pp 359-416, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1990].

[0003] Most clinical data of Mg determinations are derived from blood levels of total Mg (Wacker, W. E. C. Magnesium and Man, 1980; Elin, R. J. Clin. Chem. 33:1965-1970, 1987). Total serum Mg concentrations reflect protein-bound (30-40%), chelated (7-12%), and free or ionized Mg (Mg²⁺) (60-70%) fractions. The exact proportion of these fractions has been extremely difficult to determine precisely, and, moreover, there is no way to rapidly make such determinations. Precise information about Mg activity is pivotal to our understanding of Mg metabolism. The free or ionized form (Mg²⁺) is the active form of the mineral (Wacker, W. E. C. Magnesium and Man, 1980; Elin, R. J. Clin. Chem. 33:1965-1970, 1987, Ryan, M. F. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 28:19-26, 1991). Alterations in circulating protein levels (primarily albumin), which are seen in numerous pathophysiologic states, will alter the interpretation of Mg status (very similar to calcium) (Elin. R. J. Clin. Chem. 33:1965-1970, 1987).

[0004] Although numerous methods are available clinically, to determine total Mg in serum, plasma, urine, cerebral spinal fluid and other body fluids (e.g., atomic absorption spectrophotometry, atomic emission spectrophotometry, colorimetry, fluorometry, compleximetry and chromatograph for quantifying total Mg), none of these can determine ionized or free Mg²⁺ (Elin, R. J. Clin. Chem. 33:1965-1970, 1987. Wills, M. R. et al. Magnesium 5:317-327, 1986).

[0005] Until the present invention, the only method for assessing free Mg²⁺ in biological samples was an ultrafiltration procedure (Wacker, W. E. C. Magnesium and Man, 1980; Elin, R. J. Clin. Chem. 33:1965-1970, 1987; Wills, M. R. et al. Magnesium 5:317-327, 1986; Aikawa, J. K. Magnesium: Its Biologic Significance, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1981). While this procedure is capable of measuring free Mg²⁺, it is fraught with a multiplicity of problems (need to control pH, need to control Filter composition, time-consuming, inability to access whole blood Mg²⁺, need for centrifugation of blood). In addition, and most important, these classical methods, which primarily depend upon modifications of the procedure outlined by Watchorn, E. et al. (Biochem. J. 26:54, 1932), Toribara et al. (J. Clin. Invest. 36:738, 1957) and Walser, M. (J. Clin. Invest. 40:723-730, 1961) result in ionized Mg²⁺ values on normal subjects which are significantly different from those obtained by the present method as assessed using an ion selective electrode (ISE). Using ultracentrifugation methods combined with ultrafiltration methods to assess free Mg²⁺, the percentages of ultrafilterable Mg reported by previous workers (around 70%) (Cummings, N. A. et al. Anal. Biochem 22:108-116, 1968; Nielson, S. P. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 23:219-225, 1960) are much higher than the values using the present method. Even more recent measurements, using ultrafiltration and a micropartition filtration system has yielded a much wider range of values for ultrafilterable Mg from normal human subjects than those of the present method (D'Costa, M. et al. Clin. Chem. 29:519, 1983; Zaloga, G. P. et al. Crit. Care Med. 15:813-816, 1987). Some of these pitfalls preclude determination of Mg²⁺ in various body fluids. Moreover, determinations can not be done on less than 1.0 ml of blood.

[0006] The physiologic or pathophysiologic effects of mild to severe (or graded) decreases or increases in extracellular free Mg²⁺ in whole blood, serum or plasma has not been possible to discern in human subjects or animals either rapidly (e.g., within 1-2 min) or repeatedly (multiple samples over a few minutes-hours). Since Mg is frequently used in normomagnesemic patients for its antiarrhythmic, vasomotor and neuronal actions [Altura, B. M. et al. Drugs 28(Suppl.I):120-142, 1984; Wacker, W. E. C. Magnesium and Man, 1980; Altura, B. M. et.al. In: Metal Ions in Biological Systems, 1990; Iseri C. T. et al. West J. Med. 138:823-828, 1983; Ebel, H. et al. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 21:249-265, 1983], it is vital to be able to assess the exact extracellular level of ionized Mg²⁺ at any one instant. Although there is a dire need to carefully monitor extracellular Mg²⁺ in hypomagnesemic patients or patients linked to Mg deficiency states such as cardiovascular insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery spasm, those at risk for sudden death, renal disorders, respiratory muscle weakness, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, migraine, hypertension, premenstrual syndrome, tetany, seizures, tremor, apathy, depression, hypokalemia and hypocalcemia, there is at present no way to do this either precisely or rapidly [Altura, B. M. et al. Drugs 28(Suppl.I): 120-142, 1984; Wacker, W. E. C. Magnesium and Man, 1980; Altura, B. M. et.al. In: Metal Ions in Biological Systems, 1990; Iseri, C. T. West J. Med. 138:823-828, 1983; Ebel, H. et al. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 21:249-265, 1983; Altura, B. M. et al. Magnesium 4:226-244, 1985; Zaloga, G. P. Chest 56:257-258, 1989; Sjogren, A. J. Intern. Med. 226:213-222, 1989; Zaloga, G. P. et al. In: Problems in Critical Care, ed. G. P. Zaloga Vol 4:425-436, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1990; Resnick, L. M. et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6511-6515, 1984; Rudnick, M. et al. APMIS 98:1123-1127, 1990].

[0007] In 1980, it was suggested on the basis of in-vitro experiments that drops in ionized serum Mg²⁺ would produce coronary vasospasm, arrhythmias and sudden death (Turlapaty and Altura, Science 208:198-200, 1980). Although clinical observations from other workers in the intervening years have suggested this might be a “real” possibility, up until the present invention, no evidence could be gathered due to the unavailability of a method for accurate and rapid assessment of blood ionized Mg²⁺ (Altura, B. M. et al. In: Metal Ions in Biological Systems, Vol 26, 1990; Ebel, H. et al. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 21:249-265, 1983; Altura, B. M. et al. Magnesium 4:226-244, 1985; Sjogren, A. et al. J. Intern. Med. 226:213-222, 1989; Zaloga, G. P. et al. In: Problems In Critical Care Vol 4, 1990).

[0008] Over the past 10 years, it has been determined that reductions in ionized Mg²⁺, experimentally in animals and isolated cerebral blood vessels, can induce intense vasospasm and rupture of blood vessels in the brain (Altura, B. M. et al. In: Metal Ions in Biological Systems Vol 26, 1990; Altura, B. T. et al. Neuroscience Letters 20:323-327, 1980; Altura, B. T. et al. Magnesium 1:277-291, 1982; Altura, B. T. et al. Magnesium 3:195-211, 1984; Altura, B. M. et al. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 1:180-193, 1983; Huang, Q-F., et al. FASEB J. 3:A845, 1989). On the basis of such experimental findings, it has been hypothesized that head trauma would be associated with deficits in serum, plasma and whole blood ionized Mg²⁺ (Altura, B. T. et al. Magnesium 1:277-291, 1982; Altura, B. T. et al. Magnesium 3:195-211, 1984; Altura, B. M. et al. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 1:180-193, 1983). The present inventions has allowed these studies to be undertaken for the first time.

[0009] In the 1970's and 1980's, on the basis of numerous animal experiments, it was reported that deficits in ionized Mg²⁺ would result in maintained peripheral vasospasm, constriction of small blood vessels in numerous organ regions and as a consequence development of high blood pressure or hypertension (Altura, B. M. et al. Drugs 28 (Suppl.I):120-142, 1984; Altura, B. M. et al. In: Metal Ions in Biological Systems Vol 26, 1990; Altura, B. M. et al. Magnesium 4:226-244, 1985; Sjogren, A. et al. J. Intern. Med. 226:213-222, 1989; Turlapaty, P. D. M. V. et al. Science 208:198-200, 1980; Altura, B. M. et al. Federation Proc. 40:2672-2679, 1981; Altura, B. M. et al., Science 221:376-378, 1983; Altura, B. M. et al. Science 223:1315-1317, 1984). Until the development of the present invention, this hypothesis was not testable because of a lack of proper methodology for processing samples and measuring ionized Mg²⁺.

[0010] Accelerated atherosclerotic heart disease is a leading cause of death in the long-term (>10 year) renal transplant recipient. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia are common in this population and may be secondary to cyclosporine use. Cyclosporine has been associated with a renal tubular total magnesium (TMg) leak, as evidence by low serum total magnesium values and increased urinary excretion. Hypomagnesemia has been implicated as a factor in modulation of blood lipid levels, alteration of vascular tone and cyclosporine toxicity. Until the present invention, accurate measurements of biologically active ionized magnesium or ionized Ca²⁺/ionized Mg²⁺ ratios were not possible. Therefore, until the present invention, it was not possible to determine the ratio of ionized calcium and ionized magnesium in hypercholesterolemia and cyclosporine toxicity in renal transplant recipients.

[0011] In 1981-1983, studies on isolated blood vessels from animals and pregnant women, suggested that reduction in dietary intake of Mg or inability to metabolize Mg properly could result in reduction in ionized Mg²⁺ and thus in umbilical and placental vasospasm, possibly reducing oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus (Altura. B. M. et al. Federation Proc. 40:2672-2679, 1981; Altura, B. M. et al., Science 221:376-378, 1983). The end result could be, in large measure, responsible for fetal growth retardation, pre-eclampsia, hypertension and convulsions, particularly in pregnant indigent women (Rudnick, M. et al. APMIS 98:1123-1127, 1990; Altura, B. M. Science 221:376-378, 1983). Mg has been recommended as early as 1925 in this country for treatment and prevention of pregnancy-induced pre-eclampsia, hypertension and convulsions, but a method for accurately monitoring ionized Mg²⁺ rapidly and repeatedly throughout pregnancy was not available until development of the present invention.

[0012] National population statistics indicate that 18 million women and 5.6 million men suffer from severe migraine headaches.¹ Only about one-third of all headache patients are fully satisfied with treatments currently available.

[0013] Although major advances have been made in unraveling the etiologies of numerous disease states, the precise cause(s) of migraine headaches remains elusive. Many investigators suspect that migraine and tension-type headaches may be part-and-parcel of a similar biologic process despite having differing clinical symptoms.²⁴ One popular theory is that although a susceptible individual may first demonstrate intermittent migraines, these will evolve into chronic daily headaches, similar in nature to tension-type headaches, suggesting that possibly the two types of headaches derive from a similar initiating biochemical etiology. Another leading theory is that all headaches share a common neurotransmitter dysfunctional mechanism, for example, related to the actions of serotonin. Changes in magnesium levels have effects on the functions of serotonin,²⁷⁻²⁹ and NMDA receptors,³⁰⁻³² nitric oxide production,³³ catecholamine production and activity³⁴ and on more than 325 enzymatic processes in the body.³⁵ IMg²⁺ levels are known to affect entry of Ca²⁺, intracellular Ca²⁺ levels and its release from sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum membranes in vascular muscle and endothelial cells which in turn control vascular tone and vascular reactivity to endogenous hormones and neurotransmitters.^(36, 37) Such vascular effects could play a role in migraine pathogenesis.⁵ Thus, magnesium deficiency could be involved in both the vascular and neurological aspects (e.g., migraine aura, pain, nausea, etc.) of the development of migraines.

[0014] Since 60 percent of all migraine sufferers report that close relatives often have a similar problem, it would appear that genetic control mechanisms are also important in several types of headaches. It is thus possible that, biochemically, there may be a common factor to the above enigma. A reliable biologic marker(s) for headache has long-remained elusive.⁴

[0015] A large body of circumstantial evidence points to the possible role of magnesium deficiency in the pathogenesis of headaches and a possible vascular mechanism has been proposed.⁵ It was pointed out there that all drugs which have been successfully utilized for the treatment or prevention of migraine attacks acts on cerebral blood vessels. Cerebral blood vessels are more sensitive to Mg (either deficient or excess of) than any other type of vascular muscle cells; Mg deficiency resulting in contraction and potentiation of vasoconstrictors and excess resulting in vasodilatation and inhibition of vasoconstrictors.^(5, 6, 38) Deficiency in Mg²⁺ in neuronal and vascular tissue could be expected to result in elevation in levels of catecholamines, serotonin, prostaglandins and substance P, ^(34, 35, 38-41) vasoactive substances long implicated in the etiology of migraine.⁵ In addition, serotonin is known to be release form platelets during a migraine attack,⁴² and to be a potent cerebral vasoconstrictor¹⁸ and promote nausea and vomiting.⁴³ Some prostanoids, e.g., PGE₁, are known to provoke pulsating headaches and additional migraine-like symptoms⁴⁴ as well as potentiate vasoconstrictor hormones acting on blood vessels.⁴⁵ Pain in headache is often attributed to the action of substance P on sensory fibers.⁴⁶ It is of some interest to note that an Mg-deficiency induced state has recently been shown experimentally to result in significant generation and release of substance P into the blood stream.⁴¹ Excess Mg is known to attenuate and inhibit the production and actions of substance P, serotonin and catecholamines on several types of end-organs including cerebral vascular tissue.^(5, 32, 33, 36, 38)

[0016] Since 1960,⁴⁷ it has been known that Mg²⁺ can prevent spreading depression in the cerebral cortex. This spreading depression causes an attenuation of blood flow to the affected area of the brain, resulting in local hypoxia and possibly the neurological phenomenon termed the aura of migraine. It has been suggested that the type A stressful personality, often seen in the old characteristic descriptions of migraine sufferers, is associated with a Mg deficit.⁴⁸ The fact that most Americans exhibit shortfalls in Mg intake in their daily diets,^(34, 35) and that some normal healthy volunteers exhibit deficits in serum IMg²⁺ but not TMg,⁴⁹ supports the notion the Mg deficiency could be an important factor in the etiology of headaches.

[0017] Mg seems to possess unique weak calcium channel-blocking abilities.^(5, 35, 36) It can act to regulate the entry of Ca²⁺ into smooth muscle and endothelial cells,^(35, 36, 50, 51) and regulate the intracellular release and binding of Ca^(2+ 35, 40, 51) by acting on potential-operated, receptor-operated and leak-operated Ca²⁺ channels in these cells.³⁶ This may also help to explain why calcium channel blockers (CCB), unlike Mg²⁺ shown here, require a relatively long period of therapy (e.g., two-to-five months) to achieve reasonable therapeutic effects in migraine sufferers.⁵² CCB could not be expected to act on leak-operated Ca²⁺ channels and only certain ones act on receptor-operated Ca²⁺ channel, making Mg²⁺ a potentially ideal therapeutic agent for headaches.³¹

[0018]³¹P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed low brain Mg²⁺ in a limited number of subjects during and between migraine attacks.⁶ A low Mg²⁺ level is known to facilitate the development of spreading depression of Leao in animal experiments. This phenomenon is thought to underlie the phenomenon of migraine aura. Several anecdotal observations and one double-blind, placebo controlled trial suggested that oral Mg supplementation may be helpful in some headache patients. Oral magnesium supplementation trials, for the treatment of headaches,⁹⁻¹² may have been impeded in the past by two factors. Absorption of oral supplements is highly variable and IMg²⁺ levels were not monitored. One study reported that total serum Mg (TMg) levels were decreased in patients with migraine and tension-type headaches during an attack more than in the interictal period.¹³ Two other studies showed normal serum levels of TMg between attacks of migraine.^(12, 14) In one of these studies, a decreased TMg concentration in erythrocytes was found, ¹⁴ while in the other a decreased TMg concentration in lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear cells, but not erythrocytes, was detected. A recent study showed decreased TMg content in mononuclear cells in migraine patients with and without aura during an interictal period.¹⁵

[0019] Studies of IMg²⁺ in large numbers of headache patients showed different incidences of low IMg²⁺ levels in patients with different headache syndromes. Patients with chronic tension headaches¹⁹ had the lowest incidence (4.5%), while patients with episodic cluster headaches had a 50% incidence.²⁰ Patients with an acute migraine headache had a 42% incidence of low IMg²⁺ levels. Total magnesium levels in most of these patients, including those with low serum IMg²⁺, were normal.¹⁹⁻²²

[0020] The present invention is a novel treatment and composition that results in rapid and immediate relief of various types of headaches using magnesium.

[0021] A novel method to draw, handle, process and store biological samples for accurate, rapid and reproducible levels of ionized or free Mg²⁺ was developed. The method of collecting and processing samples has utility in preparing biological samples for measurement of ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations using a novel selective ton electrode with neutral carrier based membrane. Using the methods of the present invention, an accurate normal range for ionized Mg²⁺ in whole blood, plasma and serum has been determined for the first time. It is now possible to diagnose, prognoses and treat various disease states by the method of the present invention, by monitoring fluctuations in ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0022] The present invention relates to a method for preparing biological samples, including collection and storage conditions, prior to testing for ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations under conditions which minimize or prevent exchange of gases between the biological sample and atmospheric air and in which air and O₂ is substantially excluded from the biological sample, preferably under anaerobic conditions, prior to measuring ionized Mg²⁺.

[0023] Another aspect of the invention is a method for determining ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations in a biological sample, collected and maintained under anaerobic conditions or conditions which minimize or prevent exchange of gases between the biological sample and atmospheric air and in which O₂ is substantially excluded from the biological sample, the Mg²⁺ concentration being measured using an ion selective electrode with a neutral carrier based membrane.

[0024] Another aspect of the invention is a method for determining ionized Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ ratios in a biological sample, collected and maintained under anaerobic conditions or conditions which minimize or prevent exchange of gases between the biological sample and atmospheric air and in which O₂ is substantially excluded from the biological sample, the Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations being measured using ion selective electrodes with a neutral carrier based membrane.

[0025] An additional aspect of the invention is a method for diagnosing or prognosing disease states such as headache, cardiac diseases, hypertension, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, diabetes, lung diseases, abnormal pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, head trauma, fetal growth retardation, and the like, in a patient using a method of determining ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations or ionized Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ ratios.

[0026] A further aspect of the invention is a method of maintaining normal ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations in a patient in need of such maintenance comprising administration of Mg²⁺ in the form of a pharmaceutical composition or dietary supplement. Another aspect of the invention is a method of maintaining normal ionized Ca²⁺/ionized Mg²⁺ molar ratios in an individual comprising administration of an effective amount of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the form of a pharmaceutical composition or dietary supplement.

[0027] Another object of the present invention is a method and composition for treatment of headaches using a magnesium salt. The composition may be provided in a kit form along with a self-injection device.

[0028] Another aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition or dietary supplement for preventing or treating magnesium deficiencies, the composition comprising as the active ingredient(s) a concentration of bioavailable magnesium or bioavailable calcium and magnesium, wherein the concentration(s) provides a normal physiological molar ratio of ionized Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ in the body fluids, such body fluids comprising whole blood, serum, plasma, cerebral spinal fluid or the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0029] These and other objects, features, and many of the attendant advantages of the invention will be better understood upon a reading of the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:

[0030]FIG. 1 shows the plasma ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations from the whole blood which was spun to pack the formed elements such as erythrocytes, and stored anaerobically for 4 hours at room temperature. It shows that whole blood can be stored for at least 4 hours if stored anaerobically without affecting the ionized Mg²⁺ values as compared to an ionized Mg²⁺ concentration for fresh plasma.

[0031]FIG. 2 shows that freeze-thawing samples has virtually no effect on the ionized Mg²⁺ values for samples stored under anaerobic conditions. In contrast, ionized Ca²⁺ values decline with repeated freeze-thawing of the sample.

[0032]FIG. 3 aqueous Mg²⁺ vs. aqueous TMg. Correlation of ionized magnesium (Mg²⁺) values by ion selective electrode (ISE) with total magnesium (TMg) values by atomic absorption spectroscopy taken on unbuffered aqueous solutions of MgCl.

[0033]FIG. 4 Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ changes in aqueous buffered solutions with changes in pH as determined by an ISE.

[0034]FIG. 5 shows the correlation between serum Mg²⁺ values as measured on ultrafiltrate Mg²⁺ by atomic absorption vs. ionized Mg²⁺ values determined by an ISE. There was a correlation of R=0.88.

[0035]FIG. 6 Mg²⁺ (IMg²⁺) and TMg in three patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Img²⁺ and TMg were followed in three cardiac patients perioperatively. For each patient, two samples were obtained prior to the addition of cardioplegia (circled). The first samples obtained following the addition of cardioplegia (which contained magnesium salt) demonstrated large increases in both the Mg²⁺ and the TMg values (arrows left to right). As surgery progressed, both values decreased in each patient as indicated by the arrows drawn right to left. The xy line is that seen in FIG. 3: y=0.71×+0.01. The average IMg²⁺/TMg ratio followed by the range of ratios for each patient were as follows: filled circles, 0.87 (0.78-1.01); Xs, 0.80 (0.66-0.93); filled squares, 0.57 (0.31-0.72).

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

[0036] The present invention relates to a method of treating headache comprises administration of a sufficient amount of a magnesium salt or mixture of magnesium salts to prevent or eliminate a headache. A sufficient amount of a magnesium salt or mixture of magnesium salts is that amount which prevents development of a headache or alleviates or lessens the severity of the headache and symptoms associated with a headache, such as pain, aura, photophobia, phonophobia, and the like as well as neurological deficits such as hemi-sensory loss, vertigo, or visual disturbances and the like. In addition to preventing or alleviating or lessening the symptoms of the headache, the amount of magnesium salt or mixture of magnesium salts is sufficient to raise the ionized magnesium concentration in the serum to within a normal range of serum ionized magnesium as determined using an ion-selective electrode as described herein. The sufficiency of the amount of magnesium salt provided to the patient may also be determined by ³¹P NMR spectroscopy of ionized magnesium concentrations in the brain of the patient⁶ [Altura, et al. Magnes. Trace Elem., 10(2-4); 122-35, 1991-1992]. The amount of magnesium salt should be an amount sufficient to raise the ionized magnesium concentrations in the brain.

[0037] The amount of the magnesium salt or mixture thereof for treatment or prevention of headache is about 500 mg to about 5 gms, preferably 1 gm to about 2 gms. In one embodiment the magnesium salt is provided in a dose of about 1-to-about 3 grams, preferably about 1 gram.

[0038] The above concentration of salt or mixture thereof is sufficient to provide to the patient an elemental concentration of magnesium of about 200 mg to about 400 mg.

[0039] In one embodiment the magnesium salt is in the form of magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄). Other magnesium salts that are useful in the present invention include but are not limited to MgCl, MgCl.6H₂O, MgSO₄.7H₂O, and other magnesium salts that are highly water soluble, highly bioavailable and safe for human use. The magnesium salt is provided as a pharmaceutical composition in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical composition for oral administration of the magnesium salt or mixture thereof is provided only as an aqueous solution, not in tablet form. The carrier for the oral pharmaceutical composition is preferably water, more preferably bottled water which contains little or no other anions or minerals. In addition to the magnesium salt, the pharmaceutical composition may contain one or more analgesics such as ketorolac, aspirin, acetaminophin, ibuprofin and the like. In one embodiment the composition has a magnesium salt or mixture of magnesium salts plus ketorolac which is useful for intravenous administration.

[0040] In the method of treatment of a headache intravenously, the amount or dose of a magnesium salt or mixture thereof is administered over a period of time, preferably between about two minutes to about 15 minutes, more preferably about four to about five minutes. In one embodiment the dose of magnesium salt is administered between about two to about five minutes intravenously. In other routes of administration, such as subcutaneously (S.C.), intramuscularly (I.M.), nasally and rectally, the dose is preferably provided as an immediate bolus. The dose of magnesium salt may be administered once or multiple doses of magnesium may be provided as necessary to prevent or treat headache. For oral administration, about one to about two liters of an aqueous solution of the magnesium salt is imbibed by an individual over a 24-hour period on a daily basis. The need for more than one dose of magnesium salt may monitored by symptom manifestation and by ionized magnesium and ionized Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ ratio determinations.

[0041] The route of administration may be intravenous, S.C., I.M., nasal, rectal, oral and the like. Subcutaneous may be administered by a patient using an autoinjector device such as that used to administer sumatriptan (Dahlof, C., et al. Arch. Neurol. (US) Vol. 51(12): 1256-61, 1994; Portugese Sumatriptan Auto-injector Study Group, J. Int. Med. Res (England) Vol. 22:225-35, 1994). The pharmaceutical composition and auto injector device may be provided as a kit to the individual for self treatment.

[0042] The magnesium salt of the present invention may also be administered intranasally in a manner similar to administration of sumatriptan (Salonen, R., et al. J. Neurol. (Germany) Vol. 241:463-9, 1994) or the like. Rectal administration may be provided by a suppository containing the magnesium salt.

[0043] The present invention encompasses a method of determining patients amenable to treatment using magnesium salts or mixtures thereof comprising determining serum levels of ionized magnesium and/or serum ionized calcium to serum ionized magnesium ratios in the individual having a headache. Patients amenable to treatment have serum ionized magnesium concentrations equal to or less than about 0.54 mmole/L, typically between about 0.44 mmole/L to about 0.53 mmole/L. Patients amenable to treatment have higher than normal serum ICa²⁺:IMg²⁺ ratios of about 2.25 to about 2.55.

[0044] The present invention demonstrates the clinical utility of Mg as a therapeutic regimen in alleviation of headaches. The present invention indicates a role for IMg²⁺ deficiency in the etiology and development of headaches. Efficacy of a magnesium salt in the acute treatment of many patients with a variety of headaches was demonstrated. As shown by the present invention, measurement of serum Mg²⁺ levels help to establish a biochemical marker for headaches.

[0045] The efficacy of administration of a magnesium salt for the treatment of patients with headaches was shown. Clinical responses were correlated with the basal serum ionized magnesium (IMg²⁺) level and ionized calcium to ionized magnesium ratios. It was also determined by the present invention that patients with certain headache types exhibit low serum IMg²⁺ as opposed to serum total Mg (TMg).

[0046] Patients' headache, including moderate or severe headache of any type, may benefit from treatment using a magnesium salt. Such headaches include but are not limited to migraines with or without aura, cluster headaches, chronic tension-type headaches, chronic migrainous headaches and the like.

[0047] The method of treating headaches of the present invention provides complete elimination of pain in approximately 80% of the patients within five minutes of treatment using a magnesium salt. No recurrence or worsening of pain was observed within 24 hours in greater than 50% of the patients. Patients treated with the magnesium salt of the present invention had complete elimination of migraine-associated symptoms such as photophobia and phonophobia as well as nausea. Correlation was noted between immediate and 24-hour responses with the serum IMg²⁺ levels. Total Mg (TMg) levels in contrast in all headache subjects were within normal range (0.70-0.99 mM/L) Patients demonstrating no return of headache or associated symptoms within 24 hours of treatment with a magnesium salt exhibited the lowest initial basal levels of IMg²⁺ prior to treatment. Non-responders exhibited significantly elevated TMg levels compared to responders. Although most subcategories of headache types investigated (i.e., migraine, cluster, chronic migrainous) exhibited low serum IMg²⁺ during headache and prior to IV MgSO₄, the patients with cluster headaches exhibited the lowest basal levels of IMg²⁺ (p<0.01). All headache subjects except for the chronic tension group exhibit rather high serum ICa²⁺/IMg²⁺ ratios compared to controls.

[0048] The present invention relates to a method for preparing biological samples, including collection and storage conditions, prior to testing for ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations which allow accurate and reproducible readings. More specifically, the invention relates to a method of collecting and maintaining biological samples under conditions which minimize or prevent exchange of gases between atmospheric air and the biological sample, preferably in which O₂ is substantially excluded and pCO₂ levels are maintained in the biological sample prior to measuring ionized Mg²⁺. The preferred embodiment is a method for preparing and storing biological samples under anaerobic conditions.

[0049] The biological sample to be tested for ionized Mg²⁺ is preferably a fluid or a sample that can be made fluid including but not limited to whole blood, plasma, serum, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, cerebral spinal fluid, urine, gastric secretions, lacrimal secretions, peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid and the like obtained from animals, preferably mammals, most preferably humans. The fluid portion of biological tissue samples may be tested after homogenation with a tissue homogenizer or the like if collected and maintained under conditions described herein. In the preferred embodiment, the biological sample is whole blood, plasma, serum, cerebral spinal fluid, umbilical cord blood, and amniotic fluid.

[0050] Another aspect of the invention is a method for determining ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations in a biological sample, collected and maintained under conditions which minimize or prevent exchange of gases between the biological sample and atmospheric air, preferably in which O₂ is substantially excluded and pCO₂ levels are substantially maintained in the biological sample prior to measuring ionized Mg²⁺, most preferably under anaerobic conditions. In one embodiment, the ionized Mg²⁺ concentration is measured using an ion selective electrode with a neutral carrier based membrane. In a preferred embodiment, the ionized Mg²⁺ concentration is obtained through the use of an ion selective electrode manufactured by Nova Biomedical.

[0051] Another aspect of the invention is a method for determining ionized Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ ratios in a biological sample, collected and maintained under conditions which minimize or prevent exchange of gases between the biological sample and atmospheric air, preferably in which O₂ is substantially excluded and pCO₂ levels are substantially maintained in the biological sample prior to measuring ionized Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, most preferably under anaerobic conditions. In one embodiment, the ionized Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations are measured using ion selective electrodes with a neutral carrier based membrane. In a preferred embodiment, the ionized Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations are obtained through the use of an ion selective electrode manufactured by Nova Biomedical.

[0052] Ion selective electrodes based on neutral carrier membranes and the methods of their use are known in the art and are widely used as integrated devices in clinical chemistry analyzers. With their availability, a selective determination of different ions in dilute samples as well as whole blood is possible (Oesch, U. et al. Clin. Chem 32(8): 1448, 1988). Neutral carrier based membranes selective for specific ions are known in the art as described by Dinten, O. et al. (Anal. Chem. 63:596-603, 1991), which is incorporated by reference. As examples, membranes composed of N,N′-diheptyl-N,N′-dimethyl-1,4-butanediamide (C₂₀H₄₀N₂O₂) (ETH 1117), N,N′-diheptyl-N,N′-dimethyl-aspartdiamide (C₃₀N₄₁N₃O₂) (ETH 2220), N,N″-octamethylenebis(N′-heptyl-N′-methyl-2-methylmalondiamide) (C₃₂H₆₂N₄O₄) (ETH 5214), N,N″-octamethylenebis(N′,N′-dioctylmalondiamide) (ETH 5220), N′,N″,N″-iminodi-6,1-hexanediyldiiminotris(N-heptyl-N-methylmalonamide) (C₄₅H₈₄NO₆) (ETH 5282) and the like are known neutral carriers selective for Mg²⁺. Some examples of neutral carriers selective for Ca²⁺ are (−)-(R,R)-N,N′-[bis(11-ethoxycarbonyl)undecyl]-N,N′, 4,5-tetramethyl-3,6-dioxaoctanediamide (C₃₈H₇₂N₂O₈) (ETH 1001), N,N,N′,N′-tetracyclohexyl-3-oxapentanediamide (C₂₈H₄₈N₂O₈) (ETH 129), N,N-dicyclohexyl-N′,N′-dioctadecyl-3-oxapentanediamide (ETH 5234) and the like. However, until the present invention, ion selective electrodes for determining ionized magnesium concentrations were not known in the art.

[0053] The methods for determining total magnesium, ionized Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations as measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy on an ultrafiltrate are known in the art as described by Walser, M. (J. Clin. Invest. 40:723-730, 1961). D'Costa, M. (Clin. Chem. 29:519, 1983), and Zaloga, G. P. et al. (Crit. Care Med. 15:813-816, 1987), which are incorporated by reference.

[0054] Another aspect of the invention is a method for diagnosing or prognosing disease states or conditions associated with Mg imbalances, Mg deficiencies, or Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ imbalances using a method of determining ionized Mg²⁺ or ionized Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ ratios in a biological sample, collected and maintained under conditions which minimize or prevent exchange of gases between the biological sample and atmospheric air, preferably in which O₂ is substantially excluded and pCO₂ levels are substantially maintained in the biological sample prior to measuring ionized Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, most preferably under anaerobic conditions. Such disease states include but are not limited to cardiac diseases, cardiovascular insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery spasm, those at risk for sudden death, renal disorders, lung diseases, respiratory muscle weakness, abnormal pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, fetal growth retardation, migraine, hypertension, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, diabetes, head trauma, premenstrual syndrome, tetany, seizures, tremor, apathy, depression, hypokalemia and hypocalcemia. The Mg²⁺ values of the patient are compared to normal ionized Mg²⁺ values for biological samples. In one embodiment, the normal ionized Mg²⁺ concentration in a normal adult is approximately 0.53 to 0.67 mM, most preferably about 0.58-0.60 mM for the biological sample of whole blood, serum, and plasma. In another embodiment, the normal ionized Mg²⁺ concentration is approximately 1.10-1.23 more preferably 1.12-1.19 mM for the biological sample of cerebral spinal fluid.

[0055] A further aspect of the invention is a method of maintaining normal ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations in a patient in need of such maintenance by administering ionized Mg²⁺ in a concentration sufficient to maintain levels of ionized Mg²⁺ in biological samples within a normal range of ionized Mg²⁺. In one embodiment, the normal ionized Mg²⁺ concentration in a normal adult is approximately 0.53 to 0.67 mM, most preferably about 0.58-0.60 mM for the biological sample of whole blood, serum, and plasma. In another embodiment, the normal ionized Mg²⁺ concentration is approximately 1.10-1.23 more preferably 1.12-1.19 mM for the biological sample of cerebral spinal fluid. Another aspect of the invention is a method to attain or maintain normal ionized Mg²⁺ or Ca²⁺ and ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations in a patient in need of such maintenance by administering Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in a concentration sufficient to maintain a normal physiological molar ratio of ionized Ca²⁺/ionized Mg²⁺ in the blood of about 1:1 to 2.5:1, more preferably about 1.5:1, and most preferably about 2:1, or to maintain a normal physiological molar ratio of ionized Ca²⁺/ionized Mg²⁺ in the cerebral spinal fluid of about 0.90:1 to about 1.15:1, more preferably 0.92:1 to about 1.1:1, most preferably about 1:1.

[0056] Another aspect of the invention is a method to attain or maintain normal ionized Mg²⁺ or normal ionized Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations in a neonate, infant, and child in need of such maintenance by administering Mg²⁺ alone or in combination with Ca²⁺ in a concentration sufficient to maintain a normal physiological molar ratio ionized Ca²⁺/ionized Mg²⁺ in the blood of about 1.9:1 to about 2.6:1, more preferably about 2.3:1 to about 2.5:1.

[0057] An additional aspect of the invention is a composition for use in preventing or treating magnesium imbalances, magnesium deficiencies or Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ imbalances, the composition is composed of bioavailable magnesium alone or in combination with bioavailable calcium in an effective concentration. The concentration of calcium and magnesium is a concentration that provides to an individual a normal physiological molar ratio of ionized calcium to ionized magnesium in the blood of about 1:1 to 2.5:1, more preferably about 1.5:1, and most preferably about 2:1, or to maintain a normal physiological molar ratio of ionized Ca²⁺/ionized Mg²⁺ in the cerebral spinal fluid of about 0.90:1 to about 1.15:1, more preferably 0.92:1 to about 1.1:1, most preferably about 1:1. In another embodiment the concentration of calcium and magnesium is a concentration that provides to a neonate, infant and child a normal physiological molar ratio of ionized calcium to ionized magnesium in the blood of about 1.9:1 to about 2.6:1, more preferably about 2.3:1 to about 2.5:1. The composition is useful in treating individuals with the following disease states such as cardiac diseases, hypertension, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, diabetes, lung diseases, abnormal pregnancy, preeclampsia, eclampsia, head trauma, fetal growth retardation or other diseases associated with magnesium deficiencies or an imbalance of ionized Ca²⁺/ionized Mg²⁺ ratios in the whole blood, plasma, serum, cerebral spinal fluid or the like.

[0058] The use of the composition is not limited to individuals with the aforementioned diseases but may also be used in healthy individual for maintaining proper ionized magnesium or ionized calcium/ionized magnesium concentrations. Such maintenance is useful in preventing magnesium imbalances, Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ imbalances, or magnesium deficiencies and in turn is useful in preventing magnesium-associated disease states.

[0059] The composition may be taken alone as a therapeutic agent in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or a mineral supplement, or the composition may be added to supplement other ingredients such as, but not limited to, vitamin formulations, vitamin and mineral formulations, and foodstuffs. Such food stuffs include solids and liquids. In one embodiment the composition is added to infant formulas.

EXAMPLE I Sample Collection

[0060] In order to obtain precise and reproducible determinations of ionized Mg²⁺ with the ISE, blood samples were collected under conditions that minimize or prevent exchange of atmospheric gases with those of the sample, most preferably under anaerobic conditions into a tube with the air evacuated, such as a Vacutainer™ tube, or other tube or syringe substantially free of atmospheric gases, especially O₂. The tube or syringe may contain heparin (<75 u/ml, more preferably <50/ml, most preferably <20 u/ml). After collection of the biological sample, the samples are placed in and kept under conditions that minimize or prevent exchange of atmospheric gases with those of the sample, most preferably under anaerobic conditions (FIG. 1).

EXAMPLE II Sample Processing

[0061] To process clotted blood or plasma (heparinized blood), the samples were maintained under conditions that minimize or prevent exchange of gases between atmospheric air and the biological sample, preferably anaerobic conditions in tubes sealed with rubber stoppers. Parafilm or plastic and glass tops cannot be utilized as this allows for air to enter the sample. If samples (i.e., whole blood, serum or plasma) were analyzed (or frozen) more than 30 min after blood draw for processing of serum or plasma, the sealed tubes were placed in a standard clinical or laboratory centrifuge and centrifuged at 3,000-4,000 rpm for 15-20 minutes. After this time, the sera or plasma was carefully removed from the packed cells by inserting a sterilized needle attached to either a plastic syringe (for sera) or a lightly heparinized (<75 u/ml, more preferably <50 u/ml, most preferably <20 u/ml) glass syringe (for plasma) or a similar device.

EXAMPLE III Sample Storage

[0062] The anaerobically maintained samples were either processed with the ISE within six hours or the plasma or serum carefully expelled into a tube with the air evacuated or other tube or syringe substantially free of atmospheric air, especially O₂, most preferably anaerobic, with or without heparin, and frozen at −10° C. Unlike ionized Ca²⁺, ionized Mg²⁺ levels were stable during numerous subsequent freeze-thaw procedures, provided the bloods were drawn and processed under anaerobic conditions as described above (see FIG. 2, Table 1). Under conditions where parafilm coverings were used, pH and pCO₂ changes occurred causing erratic and erroneous ionized Mg²⁺ values. TABLE 1 Influence of Freeze-Thawing with Parafilm Covering on Plasma pH and Ionized Free Mg²⁺ Obtained with an Ion Selective Electrode Day of Examination Parameter 1 2 3 12 pH 7.435 7.685 7.897 8.26  ± ± ± ± 0.010 0.044 0.056 0.070 Mg²⁺(mM) 0.64  0.65  0.60  0.53  ± ± ± ± 0.035 0.04  0.029 0.036

[0063] Using the method of the present invention, plasma and serum samples were frozen for up to two weeks at −10° C. without affecting the ionized Mg²⁺ values. Whole blood samples were maintained under anaerobic conditions at room temperature for up to six hours after blood draws prior to ionized Mg²⁺ determinations. These and other experiments clearly indicated that as the biological samples such as blood, sera or plasma became exposed to air, they loose CO₂, and as a consequence the pH became alkaline. This adversely affected the ionized free Mg²⁺ values resulting in erroneous readings. This is completely obviated with proper handling as describe for this invention.

EXAMPLE IV Sample Preparation for Precision, Specificity and Interferant Studies

[0064] Male and female subjects that had no electrolyte abnormalities, ages ranging from 19-83 years, were used for the reference range study.

[0065] Whole blood and plasma samples were collected using a needle attached to heparinized Vacutainer tubes; serum from-red top Vacutainer tubes. All blood samples were collected and maintained under anaerobic conditions and processed within 1-2 hours of collection. Ultrafilterable Mg was obtained using an Amicon micropartition system (3,000 MW cutoff) after centrifugation of the plasma or serum at 1,500 to 2,000 RCF (g) for 20 minutes. A 3,000 MW cutoff was utilized in order to retain small molecular wt peptides. However, when normal sera from six volunteers were processed using a 30,000 MW cutoff virtually identical results were obtained.

[0066] Precision (within run, day-to-day) was determined on three levels of aqueous control solutions obtained from NOVA Biomedical containing 115,135 and 155 mM Na⁺; 2.0, 3.75, and 5.75 mM K⁺; 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 mM Ca²⁺; and 0.30, 0.50, and 1.00 mM Mg²⁺ at pH values of 7.15, 7.35, and 7.58, respectively.

[0067] Aqueous solutions of MgCl₂ were examined for the linearity study and aqueous solutions of various cations (Ca²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, H⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Pb²⁺) were examined over pathophysiologic concentration ranges for potential interference to the new Mg²⁺ electrode. The concentrations of potentially interfering cations were chosen based on the following observations: the upper limit of the reference range (ULRR) for NH₄ ⁺ is <100 μM; the toxic range for Cd²⁺ has been listed up to 27 μM; concentrations for Ca²⁺ rarely exceed 2.0 mM; the ULRR for Cu²⁺ is <30 μM; for Fe²⁺ <50 μM; for Pb²⁺ <2 μM; for Hg²⁺ <0.25 μM: and for Zn²⁺ 23 μM. K⁺ above 10 mM and Na⁺ above 175 mM are rarely seen in plasma. Ligand binding studies were also carried out in aqueous solutions containing pathophysiological concentrations of heparin, lactate, acetate, phosphate, bicarbonate and sulfate.

[0068] Albumin/pH studies employed bovine serum albumin (Sigma Chem. Co., St. Louis, Mo.) that was treated with an anion-exchange resin (Exchange Resin AG50W-48, Bio-Rad Richmond, Calif.) resulting in a solution that had 6 g albumin/dl and unmeasurable TMg (<0.04 mM, as assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry). This solution was lyophilized followed by gravimetric addition of lyophylate to aliquots of an aqueous solution containing a fixed amount of Mg.

[0069] Spiking experiments with plasma (pH 7.6-7.7) and whole blood (pH 7.40-7.44) were also performed with addition of various concentrations of mostly MgCl₂ and some with MgSO₄.7H₂O (Biological Grades, ACS certified, Fisher Scientific, New Jersey) at room temperature. Electrode analyses for IMg²⁺ results were performed immediately after being well-mixed, and after 5 and 10 min; results were identical at all three time intervals.

[0070] All chemicals used to make up the aqueous solutions were of high purity (biological. ACS certified grades) and obtained form Fisher Scientific Co., and Sigma Chemical Co.

[0071] For most aqueous solutions, a 5 mM HEPES buffered-physiologic salt solution (in Mm, L) (120-140 NaCl; 4-5 KCl; 1 CaCl₂) was used. In some cases, due to increased acidity, caused by certain ligands, 10 mM HEPES was added to the latter instead of 5 mM HEPES. In the case of the pH studies, modified KREBS-Ringer bicarbonate buffered physiological salt solutions were used (in mM/L) (118 mM NaCl; 4.7 KCl; 1.2 KH₂PO₄; 1.0 CaCl₂; 25 NaHCO₃) gassed with a 5% CO.-95% O₂ mixture.

[0072] A NOVA Stat Profile 8 (SP8) Analyzer (NOVA Biomedical, Waltham, Mass.) containing the specially-designed Mg²⁺ electrode along with electrodes for Ca²⁺, Na²⁺, K²⁺, and pH, and, where appropriate, hematocrit, was used for these studies.

[0073] The electrode is calibrated by using two aqueous solutions containing different concentrations of MgCl₂ in the presence of known pH and concentrations of Na²⁺, K²⁺, and Ca²⁺. The values assigned to these solutions are determined gravimetrically. The electrical signal from the Mg²⁺ electrode is mathematically adjusted by the signal from the Ca²⁺ electrode to provide the resulting Mg²⁺ concentration. All electrode measurements can be made on a 250 μl sample (whole blood, plasma or serum) within 90-120 seconds. The SP8 is equipped with its own on-board calibrators.

[0074] Total magnesium values are obtained on a Perkin-Elmer Model Zeeman 5000 atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), utilizing 1% LaCl₃ (Fisher Scientific) to prevent any interferences.

[0075] Data were evaluated for statistical significance using means± S.E.M., unpaired t-tests, ANOVA, method of least squares for regression analyses and correlation coefficients, where appropriate. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

EXAMPLE V Determination of Magnesium in Aqueous Solutions: ISE Comparison to Atomic Absorption

[0076]FIG. 3 illustrates that the Mg²⁺ electrode quantifies Mg comparably to atomic absorption spectroscopy in aqueous solution. In the absence of binding ligands, it would be predicted that the values from the two technologies would be identical. Results from these measurements were linear over the entire 0.1 to 3.0 mM Mg²⁺ range studied.

EXAMPLE VI Precision and Reproducibility

[0077] Using the ISE on three levels of aqueous Mg²⁺ controls, mean values over a range of 0.3 to 1.0 mM are within 94.6 and 99.2% of their targets. The linearity of the ISE (0.1-3.0 mM) in aqueous solution and human plasma and serum ranges between 92.0 and 99.3%.

EXAMPLE VII Effects of Albumin and pH on Measured IMg²⁺ Levels

[0078] The effect of protein on measured IMg²⁺ levels were strongly affected by the pH of the medium. Results in Table 2 show that, in unbuffered solutions, addition of albumin up to a final concentration of 150 g/l produces a moderate decline in measured IMg²⁺ values. The observed decline in pH of the medium upon addition of albumin is expected since the protein has a acidic isoelectric point. If, however, the pH of the solution is carefully alkalinized by addition of NaOH, measured IMg²⁺ values decline by up to 75%, indicating that the exposure of anionic groups on albumin promotes the binding of Mg²⁺. TABLE 2 Adding Albumin to an Aqueous Mg Solution Followed by Alkalinization Albumin added Mg²⁺ Mg²⁺ (mM After adjusting (g/L) pH (mM) pH to 8.24 ± 0.03)  0 7.45 0.49 30 7.02 0.44 0.39 60 6.67 0.41 — 90 6.37 0.40 0.20 120  6.15 0.40 0.17 150  5.98 0.43 0.13

[0079] To differentiate a possible direct effect on pH on the performance of the electrode, measurements over a similar range of pH values (buffered by phosphate and/or bicarbonate) were performed in the absence of albumin. Results in FIG. 4 show that IMg²⁺ measurements are minimally affected over the pH range examined (6.2 to 8.5). Only at the lower pH values were measurements of IMg²⁺ levels affected (10-20%). These studies, thus, show that over the pH ranges examined, pH per se does not significantly influence the measured IMg²⁺ values. H⁺ clearly affects ICa²⁺ much more than IMg²⁺, causing an apparent 140% decrease in ICa²⁺ over the pH range of 6.3 to 8.3. This is likely due to the precipitation of calcium compounds.

EXAMPLE VIII Effects of Common Cations and Heavy Metal Ions on IMg²⁺ Values

[0080] Virtually no interference was noted from pathophysiologic concentrations of any of the cations added to an aqueous solution containing Mg²⁺ with the possible exception of Zn²⁺ (Table 3). Adding calcium salts to serum caused an increased in the IMg²⁺ (˜0.1 mM Mg²⁺ for a 1.0 mM increase in Ca²⁺), but a much smaller increase was seen when calcium was added to an aqueous solution containing Mg²⁺ (˜0.01-0.04 mM Mg²⁺ for a 1.77 mM increase of Ca²⁺). The change in plasma IMg²⁺ is likely the result of added Ca²⁺ competing for binding sites held by Mg²⁺ in the plasma. The concentration of NH₄ ⁺ and heavy metal ions represent the upper limit of their reference range, except for Cd²⁺, whose concentration was toxic. TABLE 3 Influence of Common Cations and Heavy Metal Ions on the Mg²⁺ Determined by ISE Final Mg²⁺ (mM) in the Cation conc. Mg²⁺ (mM) Final Cation aqueous solution Cation in plasma in plasma conc. in water Soln. 1 Soln. 2 NH₄ ⁺ 0 mM 0 1 1 Cd²⁺ 0 μM 1.25 ± 0.050^(a) 57 1.24 ± 0.051 Ca²⁺ 0.75 mM 1.02 ± 0.003 1.02-1.32 mM 0.50 0.56 1.50 1.01 ± 0.010 1.46-1.48 0.50 0.57 1.90 1.07 ± 0.011 1.87-2.79 0.51 0.58-0.60 Cu²⁺ 0 μM 0.94 ± 0.025 24 0.94 ± 0.010 Fe³⁺ 0 μM 1.25 ± 0.050 28.6 1.23 ± 0.020 Pb²⁺ 0 μM 0.50 1.93 0.51 Hg²⁺ 0 μM 0.88 ± 0.015 0.10 0.88 ± 0.015 K⁺ 4.18 mM 1.02 ± 0.005 0 mM 0 10.00 0.97 ± 0.005 5 0 Na⁴ 145 mM 1.01 ± 0.00 0 mM 0 175 1.02 ± 0.003 75 0.01 Zn²⁺ 0 μM 0.91 ± 0.020 10 0.91 ± 0.019 18 0.99 ± 0.050 in serum (μM) 0 0.57 25 0.61

EXAMPLE IX Small Ligand Binding to Mg²⁺

[0081] It appears that plasma samples having a heparin concentration of 20 units/ml or less will produce less than a 4% error for the IMg²⁺ determination (Table 4). Several small ligands (e.g., acetate, bicarbonate, citrate, lactate, phosphate, sulfates) on the other hand, may bind significant amounts of Mg²⁺, suggesting that the IMg²⁺/TMg ratio could vary within a patient over time, in an acute-care setting depending on the solutions the patient is receiving. TABLE 4 Performance of Mg²⁺ ISE in Presence of Various Ligands in Aqueous Solution Average Average [Mg²⁺] % change Ligand Concentration Location 1 Location 2 in [Mg²⁺] acetate 0 mM 1.04 2.22 1.03 0.5 0.99 2.20 1.03  −2 20.0 0.92 1.86 0.95 −12 bicarbonate 0 mM 1.09 2.09 1.03 10 1.01 1.96 1.07  −3 40 0.94 1.85 0.99 −10 citrate 0 mM 1.18 2.19 0.5 0.88 1.80 −22 20.0 0.08 0.17 −94 heparin 0.0 U ml 1.05 1.96 1.03 10 1.07  +4 20 0.97 1.94 1.01  −4 50 0.90 1.89  −9 100 0.83 1.71 0.95 −14 500 0.50 1.07 −49 lactate 0 mM 0.97 2.19 0.5 0.92 1.98  −8 20.0 0.76 1.64 −24 phosphate 0 mM 1.06 2.02 1.03 1 1.06 1.90 1.03  −2 2 0.95 1.69 −13 5 0.81 −21 sulfate 0 mM 1.05 2.02 1.03 0.1 1.04 1.98 1.03  −1 1.0 0.99 2.00 1.01  −3 10.0 0.93 1.80 −11

EXAMPLE X Reference Ranges

[0082] Assessment of ionized Mg²⁺ in whole blood, plasma and serum with the ISE indicate that ionized Mg²⁺ is held within an extremely narrow range (0.53-0.67 mM, mean=0.58±0.0065, n=60) when compared to total Mg (0.70-0.96 mM, mean=0.81 mM±0.0084) or ionized Ca²⁺ (1.09-1.30 mM). This narrow range for ionized Mg²⁺ has not previously been reported. These data were derived from approximately 60 normal healthy human subjects. The IMg²⁺/TMg ratio in this group ranged from 61-85% with a mean of 71.6±0.58%. The mean value for ionized Mg²⁺ approximately one-half of what it is for ionized Ca²⁺ and thus, represents a ICa²⁺/IMg²⁺ ratio in human blood (plasma or serum) of about 2.0. Such a narrow range for ionized Mg²⁺ obtained with the ISE suggested that slight changes in the normal ionized Mg²⁺ range could be diagnostic and prognostic for numerous pathophysiologic states and disease conditions in animals and human subjects (Altura et al. Clinical Res., in press; Handwerker, S. et al. Magnesium and Trace Elements, in press; Altura et al. Magnesium and Trace Elements, in press).

EXAMPLE XI Comparison of Mg Levels in Whole Blood, Plasma, Serum and Their Ultrafiltrates

[0083] A comparison of the measured levels of TMg and IMg²⁺ in whole blood, plasma and serum are shown in Table 5. All values shown are based on analysis of samples collected from healthy volunteers, with the exception of serum samples having an n value of 237, which included samples collected from patients undergoing cardiac surgery. TABLE 5 Regression Analysis of Serum, Plasma and Whole Blood Ionized Mg²⁺ and Total Mg Regression Inter- y x of y on x n r Slope cept Mean SD Mean SD STMg^(a) on 21 0.81 0.63 0.30 0.83 0.06 0.84  0.08 PTMg^(a) SMg^(2+b) on 21 0.93 0.89 0.08 0.59 0.05 0.58  0.06 PTMg^(2+b) PMg^(2+b) on 74 0.80 0.55 0.13 0.56 0.06 0.78  0.08 PTMg^(a) SMg^(2+b) on 237  0.88 0.71 0.01 0.74 0.20 1.039 0.25 STMg^(a) WBMg^(2+b) on 18 0.79 1.02 −0.02 0.57 0.05 0.57  0.06 PMg^(a)

[0084] The highest correlation obtained (0.93) was for comparisons of IMg²⁺ in plasma and serum samples. Interestingly, a significantly (p=0.02) lower correlation (r=0.79) was observed when a similar comparison was made between IMg²⁺ levels in plasma vs. whole blood. The greater variance observed may suggest that a slight redistribution of bound Mg²⁺ occurs upon removal of formed blood elements. The lower values of r, seen for comparisons of TMg to IMg²⁺ in serum and plasma samples indicates that a range of IMG²⁺ values exist for a given level of TMg. This is clearly seen in FIG. 5 which is a plot of serum TMg vs. IMg²⁺ values shown in Table 5. A greater range of IMg²⁺ values are seen in this plot, as many of the samples were from patients in whom cardioplegia was induced using Mg²⁺-supplemented solutions.

[0085] Results of measurements of IMg²⁺ and TMg performed on ultrafiltrates of serum and plasma and neat-samples are shown in Table 6. Plasma samples are collected from healthy volunteers, whereas serum samples also included ones from the cardiac patients. A comparison of mean values for TMg demonstrates that plasma and serum protein-free filtrates have TMg levels of 65% (0.55/0.84×100) and 71% (0.66/0.93×100), respectively, of these measured in the neat-samples. These values are similar to IMg²⁺ levels measured in the neat-samples. Subsequent measurements on ultrafiltrates with the ISE, however, yielded values that were only 79% (0.45/0.57×100) and 85% (0.64/0.75×100) respectively, of the filtered TMg levels in these samples. These lower levels indicate that low molecular weight compounds are present which can chelate Mg²⁺, rendering this fraction insensitive to the ISE. The size of this fraction, however, is likely somewhat overestimated by these measurements as the pH of the ultrafiltrates was always greater than the starting pH value of the unfiltered samples by 0.6-1.1 units, thereby reducing competition between H⁺ and Mg²⁺ for binding to these agents. TABLE 6 Regression Analysis of Total Mg and Ionized Mg²⁺ in Plasma, Serum and Their Ultrafiltrates Regression Inter- y x of y on x n r Slope cept Mean SD Mean SD uPTMg on 30 0.77 0.51 0.13 0.55 0.05 0.84 0.07 PTMg uSTMg on 48 0.93 0.66 0.03 0.66 0.20 0.93 0.28 STMg PMg²⁺ on 30 0.69 0.86 0.11 0.58 0.05 0.55 0.05 uPTMg SMg²⁺ on 48 0.97 0.99 0.02 0.67 0.20 0.66 0.20 uSTMg uPMg²⁺ on 10 0.64 0.37 0.24 0.45 0.03 0.57 0.05 uPTMg uSMg²⁺ on 25 0.94 0.90 −0.04 0.64 0.21 0.75 0.21 uSTMg

[0086] The increase in scatter between TMg²⁺ and IMg²⁺ going from FIG. 3 (aqueous solutions) to FIG. 5 (patients samples) results from differences in Mg binding to ligands and proteins from sample to sample. However, the ratio of IMg²⁺/TMg was remarkably similar, averaged across 74 plasma samples and across 237 serum samples; 71% in both cases (Table 5) even though the IMg²⁺/TMg ratio for individual patients different significantly from the average. This suggests that 29% of the TMg was typically bound to small anions and/or proteins in the “normal” and the CPB patient populations included in this study. These results suggest less binding of Mg to protein then has been described in the literature; 33-34% protein-bound by Speich et al. (Clin. Chem. 1981.27:246-248) and 32% protein-hound by Kroll et al. (Clin. Chem. 1985.31:244-246).

[0087] The present ultrafiltration studies raise questions in terms of what Mg fraction(s), or portions thereof, the ultrafiltrate actually represents. It has long been thought that the ultrafiltrate is really the plasma (or serum) minus only large molecular weight proteins with their bound Mg (Aikawa, J. K., Magnesium, Its Biological Significance Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1981; Walser, M. 1967. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Exp. Pharmacol 59:185-341; Elin, R. J. Clin. Chem. 1987.33:1965-1970). However, it is likely that the pH increase (from 0.6-1.1 pH units) over the course of the ultrafiltration process, itself, caused additional protein binding of Mg²⁺. Such increased binding is supported by the fact that IMg²⁺ measured values were reduced by alkalinizing protein-containing solutions of Mg²⁺ to higher pH values. Thus, at the lower HE concentrations, the total concentration of Mg in the ultrafiltrate is less than it would have been at pH 7.4. In addition, it is clear that not all the Mg in the ultrafiltrates is ionized. Twenty-one percent of the plasma ultrafiltrate Mg is bound [(0.57-0.45)/0.57×100)].

[0088] The percentage of Mg²⁺ bound to ligands and protein may remain remarkably constant for a given patient, albeit far from the typical ratio seen across all patients, even when TMg is changing markedly such as in coronary bypass patients; or the percentage bound may change appreciably within hours. The total Mg concentration or the ultrafilterable Mg concentration in a given sample thus cannot be used to predict the level of ionized Mg²⁺ in the plasma or serum. This clearly indicates that monitoring the ionized Mg²⁺ level rather than total magnesium or the ultrafilterable Mg concentration is a valuable diagnostic and prognostic parameter in critical care and acute medial care settings.

EXAMPLE XII Spiking Mg into Plasma and Whole Blood Samples

[0089] Results in Table 7 demonstrate the effect of adding Mg²⁺ (Cl⁻ or SO₄ ²⁺ salt) to samples of plasma and whole blood. As expected, for plasma samples, the calculated recovery values are less than 100% indicating that added Mg²⁺ is partially bound to plasma proteins. The values reported have not been corrected for displacement of plasma water by protein and lipids. The observation that the fraction of recovered Mg²⁺ increases slightly with additional amounts of added Mg²⁺ indicates that partial saturation of anion binding sites is likely occurring. For experiments with whole blood, a fixed amount of Mg²⁺ was added (1.0 mM). The recovery levels observed with whole blood were considerably higher than would be predicted by calculating molarity based on whole blood value. This is attributed to the fact that the added magnesium salt initially dissolves in the plasma water volume of the sample rather than being evenly distributed throughout the entire sample. The large differences seen in the spiked samples may reflect differences in hematocrit or possibly the time between Mg²⁺ addition and when the sample was analyzed. In addition, differences may also exist been samples in the binding capacity by plasma proteins and solutes. TABLE 7 Spiking of MgCl₂ or MgSO₄ into Pooled Plasma and Fresh Whole Blood Pooled Plasma (0.56 mM IMg²⁺) Fresh Whole Blood Mg²⁺ Ideal (0.51-0.63 mM IMg²⁺) Added Expected Measured % Ideal Expected Measured % (mM) Value (mM) Value (mM) Recovery Value (mM) Value (mM) Recovery 0.5 1.06  0.97 ± 0.048* 82.0 — — — 1.0 1.56 1.35 ± 0.027 79.0 1.57 ± 0.017 2.20 ± 0.154 163.0 1.5 2.06 1.78 ± 0.052 81.3 — — — 2.5 3.06 2.68 ± 0.103 84.8 — — —

EXAMPLE XIII Comparing IMg²⁺ to TMg in CPB Patients

[0090] Results shown in FIG. 6 are subset of data from FIG. 5 which showed that the level of TMg in a given sample cannot be used to predict IMg²⁺. Results plotted in FIG. 6 are TMg and IMg²⁺ values for several samples from each of three patients over the course of their cardiac surgeries. The first two samples from each patient, taken before cardioplegia containing Mg²⁺ was administered, had values near the regression line taken from the data in FIG. 6. Following induction of cardioplegia, levels of TMg and IMg²⁺ increase significantly (arrows left to right) while subsequent samples demonstrated a gradual decrease in both parameters (arrows to the left). These results show that not only did the ratio of IMg²⁺/TMg differ between three patients, but it remained relatively constant within a patient during the course of the perioperative period. In other patients, the IMg²⁺/TMg ratio changed significantly during this period.

EXAMPLE XIV Cellular and Extracellular Distribution of Mg

[0091] Having the information on the precise concentrations of extracellular ionized Mg in human blood allows one to determine the cellular and extracellular distribution of Mg. Using ³¹P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and digital image analysis on cardiac myocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells and intact brain, the intracellular free ionized Mg²⁺ was determined to be approximately 600-700 micromolar (Altura, B. M. et al. Influence of Mg²⁺ on Distribution of Ionized Ca²⁺ in Vascular Smooth Muscle and on Cellular Bioenergetics and Intracellular Free Mg²⁺ and pH in Perfused Hearts Probed by Digital Imaging Microscopy. In: Imaging Technique in Alcohol Research, S. Zhakari, H. Witt (Eds.), NIAAA; Washington, D.C. Gov't Printing Office, 1992; Altura, B. M. et al. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 1992, in press; Barbour, et al. FASEB J. 1989, 3: A250; Barbour, et al. Magnesium and Trace Elem., 1992, in press; Zhang, A. et al, Biochem. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1992, in press). Concentrations of ionized Mg²⁺ across mammalian cell membranes were quite similar, that is about 500-600 micromolar. Although the relative concentration of IMg²⁺ outside cells is about 71% of the total extracellular Mg, the relative amount of intracellular free ionized Mg is much less, only about 3%-6%.

EXAMPLE XV Diagnosis & Prognosis in Cardiovascular Disease

[0092] It has been suggested that abnormalities in Mg metabolism may play an important role in the etiology of cardiac diseases (Altura, B. M. Drugs 28 (Suppl.I): 120-142. 1984: Altura, B. M. et al. In: Metal Ions in Biological Systems Vol 26, 1990; Isen, C. T. West. J. Med. 138:823-828, 1983; Ebel, H. et al. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 21:249-265, 1983; Altura, B. M. et al. Magnesium 4:226-244, 1985; Sjogren, A. et al. J. Intern Med. 226:213-222, 1989; Zaloga, G. P. et al. In: Problems in Critical Care Vol 4, 1990; Rudnick, M. et al. APMIS 98:1123-1127, 1990). Although elevated extracellular Mg²⁺ is widely used in connection with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) procedures, it is not known whether such procedures result in rapid and sequential alterations in blood ionized Mg²⁺ levels. By using the methods of the present invention, ionized Mg²⁺, along with ionized Ca²⁺ levels in plasma were monitored in patients prior to, during, and after CPB. The patients studies ranged in age from 10-80 yrs. and were scheduled for coronary bypass, valve replacement or other elective open-heart procedures (OHP). On the basis of studies with 30 human subjects prior to and during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), subjects had lower than normal ionized Mg²⁺ prior to surgery (Altura, B. T. et al. Clin. Chem. (July-August), 1991; Altura, B. T. et al. Clin. Res., in press: Altura, B. T. et al. Magnesium and Trace Elements, in press). Assessment of ionized Mg²⁺ in plasma revealed the following [means± S.E.M. in millimolar conc. (mM)]: prior to OHP=0.56±0.03 vs. 0.60± 0.005 (control); within 10-15 minutes of CPB=0.89±0.08; post perfusion= 0.75±0.03. In addition, on the basis of frequent determinations during CPB, using an ion selective electrode the degree of spontaneous hypotension, arrhythmias, and coronary vasospasm during and post-surgery were correlated to the pronounced alterations in ionized Ca²⁺:ionized Mg²⁺ ratios. (Altura, B. T. et al. Clin. Res., in press; Altura, B. T. et al. Magnesium and Trace Elements, in press). With respect to ionized Ca²⁺, the respective values were 0.96±0.016 vs. 1.21±0.01; 0.79±0.02; and 1.23±0.10. Although the normal ionized Ca²⁺:ionized Mg²⁺ ratio is 1.95-2.18, all patients studied prior to CPB exhibited lower values (mean=1.72±0.09). Within 10-15 minutes of initial CPB, the ionized Ca²⁺:ionized Mg²⁺ ratio fell almost 50% (mean=0.91±0.10); post-perfusion, the ratio rose to 1.62±0.18. Overall, these data indicate that ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations can be monitored in plasma during CPB. Predictable patterns arose out of these studies, showing that cardiac disease patients tend to exhibit lower than normal ionized Mg²⁺, ionized Ca²⁺ and ionized Ca²⁺:ionized Mg²⁺ ratios. Additionally, the hypotension observed upon initiation of CPB may in part be a reflection of elevated ionized Mg²⁺ and a pronounced drop in the ionized Ca²⁺:ionized Mg²⁺ ratio. Such patterns are therefore diagnostic and predictive, thus allowing the physician and surgeon to carefully monitor and treat such cardiac patients.

EXAMPLE XVI Diagnosis & Prognosis in Head Trauma

[0093] The present studies were undertaken to determine if head trauma was associated with deficits in serum, plasma and whole blood ionized Mg²⁺ and to determine if the degree of head injury would correlate with the degree of the plasma ionized Mg2+ deficiency. Head trauma patients clearly demonstrated that head trauma and the degree of head trauma was associated with deficiencies in ionized Mg²⁺. The range of ionized Mg²⁺ in plasma of these head trauma cases was significantly below normal the greater the degree of head trauma (as assessed by clinical signs and Glasgow scores), the greater the deficit in ionized Mg²⁺.

[0094] Sixty-six patients (male=44; females=22), presented in the emergency room of a large community hospital; ranging in age from 12-83 yrs., were studied. Patients with blunt head trauma were studied within 1-8 hrs of the event and compared with 60 age-matched controls and 14 patient controls with minor peripheral trauma such as cuts and sprains. A group of normal, healthy age-matched human volunteers were also employed in the study. Motor vehicle accidents (n=43) accounted for 65% of the cases, assaults (n=19) 29%, and falls (n=4) 6% of the cases. Brain injury was the sole medical problem in 59 of the patients, while associated skull fractures were present in seven cases. Criteria for exclusion included: 1. severe renal damage; 2. multiple peripheral injuries; 3. cardiopulmonary problems; 4. hypertension; and 5. diabetes. In addition, patients on low dietary magnesium intake and on certain drugs causing hypomagnesemia such as diuretics, antibiotics, digitalis, etc. were excluded. Patients with known histories of alcohol abuse (n=6) and drug abuse (i.e., cocaine, n=2) were included because they were of interest. Three patients had blood alcohol levels >200 mg/dl.

[0095] Bloods were drawn by venipuncture for routine serum laboratory chemistries (e.g. electrolytes, glucose, BUN, blood gases, creatinine) in most grade II subjects and all grade II subjects as well as healthy control subjects and processed by automated analyzers. In addition, blood was drawn (anaerobically) for IMg²⁺, TMg and ICa²⁺ by venipuncture using standard red-top Vacutainer tubes. The latter was centrifuged (3000-4000 pm) for 10-15 min after clotting and processed with a novel ion selective electrode (ISE) for IMg²⁺ using a NOVA Biomedical Stat Profile 8 Analyzer which can yield measurements within 2 min. Total Mg was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a Perkin-Elmer Model Zeeman 500 and a Kodak Ektachem DT-60. The mean values using either technique were identical. In solution, sera of these patients were also processed for levels of ionized calcium (ICa²⁺), sodium, potassium and hydrogen ions using selective electrodes. In order to maintain normal pH, precautions were taken to maintain the samples anaerobically. Precautions were also taken to prevent hemolysis, and most blood samples were analyzed the same day. In some cases, the latter was not possible, and in these cases the fresh anaerobically-drawn sera were frozen at −10° C. and were analyzed the next day.

[0096] Fifteen patients were administered IV fluids (<1000 ml) when blood was drawn. Similar control infusions were given to some patients in order to determine if this degree of hemodilution, per se, had any significant influence on the observed ionized hypomagnesemia.

[0097] All patients underwent complete neurological examinations and CT scans, except a few (n=3) without loss of consciousness (LOC) who did not have CT scans. The patients were divided into three groups and graded according to severity of HT: grade I (n=8) had no LOC; grade II (n=52) had concussions, sudden brief traumatic disturbance of brain function including LOC but without demonstrable anatomic lesion of brain on CT scan; and grade III (n=6) had sudden traumatic disturbance of brain function associated with identifiable CT lesion of brain tissue.

[0098] Mean values were calculated for serum IMg²⁺, total Mg (TMg), ICa²⁺, ICA²⁺/IMg²⁺ and percent ionized Mg (IMg²⁺/TMg×100). Mean values± S.E.M. were compared for statistical significance using Students “t” test, paired t test and ANOVA with Scheffes' contrast test, where appropriate. Correlation coefficients, where appropriate, were also calculated using the method of least squares. A “P” value <0.05 was considered significant.

[0099] The studies showed that acute head trauma is associated with early deficits in IMg²⁺, which are related to the severity of the injury (Table 8). However, TMg values were not significantly different between grade I, grade II or grade II HT, when compared to normal, healthy human subjects or patient controls (data not shown, identical to healthy, human subjects). Severe head trauma (grade III) resulted in significant depression of IMg²⁺. The ionized fraction of magnesium in serum of head trauma patients demonstrate a progressive loss consonant with the severity of the head trauma (Table 8). Administration of IV fluids (1000 ml) did not significantly alter either the IMg²⁺ or % IMg²⁺ in the HT patients. TABLE 8 Serum Ionized. Total and Percent Ionized Magnesium After Head Trauma DEGREE OF HEAD TRAUMA PARAMETERS CONTROLS GRADE I GRADE II GRADE III IMg²⁺ (mM/L)* 0.585 ± 0.005 0.55 ± 0.007** 0.49 ± 0.014** 0.44 ± 0.03** (60) (8) (52) (6) TMg (mM/L)  0.81 ± 0.008 0.823 ± 0.015   0.792 ± 0.020   0.73 ± 0.04  (60) (8) (52) (6) % IMg²⁺  1.6 ± 0.58 66.8 ± 1.13**  63.1 ± 1.78++  60.0 ± 1.00** (60) (8) (52) (6)

[0100] Comparison of the subgroups of head injury patients showed no difference between IMg²⁺ levels in motor vehicle accidents (MVA's), assaults, or falls (Table 9) but all mean values were significantly depressed compared to controls. Although mean values for TMg in these three types of etiologies varied from controls there were no differences in TMg between these patients. However, there were significant differences in % IMg²⁺ between the three types of initiating circumstances, i.e., falls produced the greatest deficit in % IMg²⁺ with MVA's producing the least. TABLE 9 Serum Ionized. Total and Percent Ionized Magnesium After Head Trauma Caused by Motor Vehicle Accidents, Assaults and Falls Etiology of HT PARAMETERS CONTROLS MVA ASSAULTS FALLS IMg²⁺ (mM/L) 0.585 ± 0.005 0.53 ± 0.007+  0.53 ± 0.018+ 0.545 ± 0.011+ (60)+* (43) (19) (4) TMg (mM/L)  0.81 ± 0.008 0.79 ± 0.012  0.827 ± 0.032  0.92 ± 0.062 (60)  (43) (19) (4) % IMg²⁺ 71.6 ± 0.58 66.9 ± 0.91+  64.1 ± 1.73+  59.0 ± 2.59** (60)  (43) (19) (4)

[0101] Acute head trauma was associated with early deficits in ICa²⁺, which was related to the severity of the injury (Table 10). Very severe head trauma (grade III) resulted in almost a 20% depression of ICa²⁺, and there was a significant increase in the relative amount of ICa²⁺ to IMg²⁺. However, none of the other serum analytes measured, including sodium and potassium, or hydrogen ions demonstrated any abnormalities. TABLE 10 Serum Ionized Calcium And Ionized Calcium to Magnesium Ratios After Head Trauma DEGREE OF ICa²⁺ HEAD TRAUMA (mM/L) ICa²⁺/Mg²⁺ Controls 1.19 ± 0.015  2.05 ± 0.053 (60) (60) Grade I  1.06 ± 0.015* 1.93 ± 0.11  (8)  (8) Grade II 1.01 ± 0.02* 2.06 ± 0.08 (52) (52) Grade III 0.96 ± 0.02+  2.23 ± 0.034+  (6)  (6)

[0102] Although patients with isolated skull fractures all exhibited significant deficits in serum IMg²⁺ and ICa²⁺ when compared to patients with grade I head trauma these values were not lower than those seen for grade II HT and were not as low as seen in grade III HT (Table 11). TABLE 11 Serum Ionized Magnesium, Ionized Calcium, Total and Percent Ionized Magnesium in Acute Head Trauma Patients with Isolated Skull Fractures IMg²⁺ ICa²⁺ (mM/L) (mM/L) TMg % IMg²⁺ 0.51 ± 0.02* 0.98 ± 0.043** 0.79 ± 0.07 64.6 ± 1.36+

[0103] Patients with histories of alcohol abuse or drunk on arrival in the emergency room (blood alcohol >200 mg/dl) showed significant deficits of IMg²⁺ and ICa²⁺ when compared with patients with cocaine abuse or control groups (Table 12). In addition, there was a significant increase in the relative amount of ICa²⁺ compared to IMg²⁺. TABLE 12 Serum Ionized Magnesium, Ionized Calcium, Total and Percent Ionized Magnesium in Acute Head Trauma Patients with Alcohol Abuse IMg²⁺ ICa²⁺ TMg (mM/L) (mM/L) (mM/L) % IMg²⁺ Ca²⁺/mg²⁺ 0.48 ± 0.029* 1.05 ± 0.044** 0.748 ± 0.059 64.7 ± 2.53 2.22 ± 0.12**

[0104] The findings provide the first evidence for divalent cation changes in blood early after traumatic brain injury which are of diagnostic value in the assessment of the severity of head injury, making estimations of prognosis in such patients more reliable. The method of analyzing ionized magnesium and ionized calcium can be used to monitor the response of HT to therapeutic intervention. In addition, the findings support early intervention with Mg salts after traumatic brain injury.

EXAMPLE XVII Diagnosis & Prognosis in Hypertension

[0105] Applicants hypothesized that many hypertensive human subjects might be expected to exhibit reduction in ionized Mg²⁺ (Altura, B. M. et al. Federation Proc. 40:2672-2679, 1981; Altura, B. M. et al. Science 223:1315-1317, 1984) and that treatment of such hypertensive subjects would restore ionized Mg²⁺ to normal. Therapy of such patients should be signified by adjustments of plasma ionized Mg²⁺ and would be a valuable adjunct for diagnosis and treatment of such patients. Data on more than 30 normotensive (0.52-0.67 mM), untreated hypertensive (0.42-0.60) and treated hypertensives (0.56-0.63), using the methodology of the present invention, supported this idea.

[0106] Ionized magnesium, serum total magnesium, and plasma renin activity (PRA) in fasting normotensive (NT) (n=20), essential hypertensive (n=28) subjects was monitored before, and 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes after oral glucose loading (100 gm). Results were compared to intracellular free magnesium values obtained at the same time intervals as measured using ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy.

[0107] The average ionized Mg²⁺ values in fasting normotensive subjects were 0.63±0.01 mM. Ionized Mg²⁺ values in essential hypertensives, as a group, was 0.60±0.01 mM. Ionized Mg²⁺ values was significantly lower for essential hypertensives who had high plasma renin activity (0.57±0.01 mM, sig=0.05 vs NT) compared to normotensives or essential hypertensives who had low plasma renin activity (0.62±0.01 mM, sig=NS vs NT).

[0108] The ionized Mg²⁺ values for non-insulin dependent diabetics was consistently lower than for normotensives (0.57±0.01 mM, p<0.05 vs NT). For all subjects, fasting ionized Mg²⁺ was related to Mgi (r=0.62, p<0.01).

[0109] Oral glucose loading reciprocally lowered intracellular Mg (219± 12 to 193±13 μM, p<0.01), while elevating ionized Mg²⁺ levels (0.60±0.02 to 0.64±0.02 mM, p<0.01). Lastly, the dynamic changes in intracellular Mg and circulating ionized Mg²⁺ were also correlated (r=0.612, p<0.05). Total magnesium values did not differ in non-insulin dependent diabetics, or after glucose loading.

[0110] These data demonstrate that non-insulin dependent diabetics and essential hypertensives with high plasma renin activity have significantly lower circulating Mg²⁺ than normotensives subjects.

[0111] The data also demonstrates that there is physiological transport of cellular ionic magnesium into the extracellular space in response to oral glucose loading.

[0112] Monitoring ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations in humans or animals, by the present invention, now makes it possible to diagnose, prognoses and treat hypertensive subjects.

EXAMPLE XVIII Diagnosis and Prognosis of Patients with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

[0113] Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is a well-defined syndrome of unknown etiology characterized by increased intracranial pressure (ICP), papilledema, normal intracranial anatomy and normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSP) which typically affects young obese women [Ahlskog, J. E. et al. Ann. Intern. Med. 97:249-256, 1982]. IIH has been described in association with diverse contributing factors such as certain disease states, endocrinologic abnormalities, ingestion of certain exogenous agents as well as in pregnancy and steroid withdrawal [Aslokog, J E et al. Ann. Intern. Med. 97:249-256, 1982; Donaldson, J. O. Neurology 31:877-880, 1981; Corbett, J. J. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 10:22-229; 1983; Johnston, I. et al. Arch. Neurol. 48:740-747, 1991; Couban et al. Can. Med. Assn. J. 145: 657-659, 1991]. The cerebrospinal fluid in IIH is characterized as being under increased pressure, acellular in composition with normal glucose content, and normal to low-normal content. Some abnormalities have been observed in CSF in IIH, e.g., certain hormone levels appear to be elevated (i.e., vasopressin, estrone), whereas estrogen levels are often depressed [Seckl, J. et al. J. Neurol. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 51:1538-1541, 1988; Donaldson, J. O. et al. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 45:734-736, 1982; Srenson, P. S. et al. Arch. Neurol. 43:902-906, 1986]. Many investigators believe that a single underlying mechanism may be responsible for the increase in ICP. It has been suggested that IIH is a syndrome of varying brain compliance and that a vascular mechanism may have an important pathogenetic role [Johnston, I. et al. Arch. Neurol. 48:740-747, 1991; Quincke, H. Dtsch. Z. Nerv. 9:140-168, 1907; Felton, W. L. et al. Neurol. 41 (Suppl.):348 (Abstr.), 1991.] It is now possible, by the present invention, to diagnose, prognoses, and treat IIH, by monitoring the levels of total Mg, IMg²⁺ and ionized Ca²⁺ (ICa²⁺) in the serum and CSF of patients with IIH.

[0114] Patients with IIH were identified on admission to the hospital. All patients fulfilled the modified Dandy criteria for the diagnosis of IIH. All patients were obese young women. Four of five patients (subject nos. 2-5) had no history of any possible contributing factor other than obesity. One subject (subject no. 1) had a history of postpartum sagittal sinus thrombosis two years prior to entering the study. Seven cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) specimens were obtained from the five subjects after informed consent. Single specimens were obtained from subject numbers 1, 3 and 4. and two specimens each (at different times during attack) from subjects 2 and 5. Serum was obtained anaerobically after venipuncture from subjects 2, 3 and 5 during acute symptomatic exacerbations of IIH. Normal, healthy faculty and students volunteered to serve as controls.

[0115] Anaerobically-maintained serum and CSF were used to measure levels of IMg²⁺, ICa²⁺, sodium, potassium and H+ (pH) by ion selective electrodes. Total Mg in CSF and serum were determine by atomic absorption spectroscopy and a Kodak DT-60 Ektachem Analyzer. Percent IMg²⁺ was calculated for both the CSF and serum samples. Mean values±S.E.M. were calculated and compared for statistical significance by a non-paired Student's t-test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

[0116] The CSF levels of total Mg (TMg) were normal in all patients (Table 13). CSF levels of IMg²⁺ (0.98±0.046 mM/L), ICa²⁺ (0.89±0.025 mM/L) and % IMg²⁺ (80.4±4.49) were considerably below the normal ranges in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, CSF ionized Na+ and K+ as were normal in IIH. TABLE 13 Ionized Mg²⁺, Ionized CA⁺⁺, Total Mg and Percent Ionized Mg in Cerebral Spinal Fluid of Patients Diagnosed as Having Pseudotumor Cerebri Subject mM/L Number IMg²⁺ ICa²⁺ TMg % IMg²⁺ 1 0.94 0.79 1.15 81.7 2 1.21 0.87 1.19 100.0 0.98 0.93 1.23 79.6 3 0.89 0.89 1.32 67.4 4 0.82 0.84 0.90 91.1 5 1.01 0.98 1.48 68.2 1.02 0.96 1.36 75.0 Mean ± 0.98 ± 0.046* 0.89 ± 0.025* 1.23 ± 0.069 80.4 ± 449* S.E.M. Normal 1.12-1.19 1.10-1.23 1.15-1.35 90-98 Range

[0117] Serum levels of TMg, IMg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ and H⁺ in IIH did not differ from normal, healthy subjects (Table 14). Our findings are compatible with the idea that ionic aberrations and alterations in vascular tone in the arachnoid granulations or permeability of the vascular walls may have important pathogenetic roles in pseudotumor cerebri. Intervention with Mg could have ameliorative actions in patients with IIH. TABLE 14 Ionized Mg²⁺, Ionized Ca²⁺, Total Mg and Percent Ionized Mg in Serum of Patients with IIH Compared to Normal, Healthy Subjects Mean Values (mM/L + S.E.M. Group N IMg²⁺ ICa²⁺ TMg % IMg²⁺ IIH 3 0.60 ± 0.034 1.10 ± 0.115 0.89 ± 0.013 67.6 ± 3.98 Controls 23 0.58 ± 0.006 1.15 ± 0.024 0.85 ± 0.022 68.2 ± 0.84

EXAMPLE XIX Diagnosis & Prognosis in Pregnancy-Induced Pre-Eclampsia, Hypertension, Convulsions and Fetal Growth Retardation

[0118] Using the present method of sample processing and an ISE for measuring ionized Mg²⁺, a study was undertaken to determine ionized and total Mg levels in umbilical venous and arterial blood in normal and abnormal pregnant patients. Correlations were made between Mg²⁺ levels and maternal and neonatal pathological states. The study consisted of 64 pregnant patients of which 38 had no maternal or neonatal complications and 26 had one or more of the following abnormalities: toxemia, transient hypertension, gestational diabetes, premature labor during the current pregnancy or delivery prior to 38 weeks, growth retarded newborn, chorioamnionitis, or ABO incompatibility in the newborn. All APGAR scores were 9, 10. There were no differences between the groups with regard to maternal age, race, parity, percentage of indigent patients, mode of delivery, epidural analgesis, use of Pitocin, use of oxygen in labor, ECA at delivery, mean birth weight or sex of newborn. Three patients in the abnormal group received Mg therapy for toxemia and had venous samples taken. The results are expressed as mean (mM)±SEM. In normal pregnancies, the mean umbilical venous plasma (or serum) ionized Mg²⁺ level was 0.51±0.01 (N=38), which approximates the lower end of the normal range values in the venous plasma of non-pregnant women. The mean umbilical arterial ionized Mg²⁺ level in normal pregnancies was 0.48±0.01 (N=24), demonstrating significant differences in the amount of ionized Mg²⁺ which enters or leaves the fetus.

[0119] Pregnant women who had one or more of the various maternal pathological conditions listed above had a significantly lower mean venous plasma or serum ionized Mg²⁺ level (0.44±0.014) than the normal group. The subgroup of pregnant women who exhibited transient hypertension had a mean venous ionized Mg²⁺ level of 0.43±0.015, which is almost a 20% deficit compared to the normal group. Two patients that had chorioamnionitis had the lowest values of umbilical venous Mg²⁺ in the entire study population, 0.25 mM and 0.38 mM. The percent of the total Mg which was ionized was 67.3±1.89 in the normal pregnancies and 64.5±2.31 in the abnormal ones, an insignificant difference. One of the patients with chorioamnionitis had only 49% ionized Mg²⁺, however.

[0120] The study population consisted of mothers in labor, of which 51 were randomly selected, after a chart review revealed that they had no complications prior to labor and were greater than 37 weeks gestational age. Thirteen of these patients developed transient hypertension in labor and were evaluated separately. The remaining 38 patients comprised the normal study group. Venous blood samples from a separate group of 26 normal mothers admitted to the Labor and Delivery Suite in labor or for elective Cesarean section, and 42 samples from another group of non-pregnant healthy women, ages 19 through 45, were evaluated for comparison purposes.

[0121] Transient hypertension in labor was defined as repeated systolic blood pressures of ≧140 mmHg in the first stage of labor in patients without proteinuria or other signs of symptoms of preeclampsia and with no other complications in pregnancy. Blood pressures were measured in between contractions with the women in a semirecumbant position and the arm at heart level. Blood pressures of patients with this diagnosis were normal post-partum.

[0122] Newborns were considered large for gestational age (LGA) or small for gestational age (SGA) if they were greater than the 90th percentile or less than the 10th percentile in weight according to the nomograms of Batagglia et al. (J. Pediatr. 1967, 71:159-163). If any study neonate was admitted to the high risk nursery, the reason for the admission was to be documented. Patients in Labor and Delivery were not allowed to eat or drink anything and were given intravenous Ringers-lactate solution (Baxter Health Care Corp., Deerfield, Ill.) at 125 ml. per hour. Occasional patients received meperidine HCI (50 mg IV, Elkins Sinn, Inc., Cherry Hill, N.J.) and promethazine HCI (25 mg. IV, Elkins Sinn) for analgesia, as well as an oxytocin (Parke Davis, Morris Plains, N.J.) infusion (1-15 mU/min) for labor augmentation. When epidural analgesia or anesthesia was given, a test dose consisting of 3 ml. of 1.5% lidocaine HCI with epinephrine (1:200,000 dilution, Astra Pharmaceutical Prods., Westborough, Mass.) followed by a first dose containing the same medication was given. This was followed by a continuous infusion of bupivicaine HCI (0.083%, Astra Pharm.) and fentanyl (2 μg/ml, Elkins Sinn, Inc., Cherry Hill, N.J.). Patients who had epidural anesthesia for Cesarean sections were premedicated with a scopolamine patch (1.5 mg, CIBA-Geigy, Summit, N.J.) and a sodium citrate and citric acid oral solution (30 ml. Willen Drug Co., Baltimore, Md.) orally. They then received 13 to 20 ml. of 2% lidocaine and epinephrine (1:200,000, Astra Pharm.) or 15 to 20 ml. of chloroprocaine (3%. Astra Pharm.) to achieve an anesthetic block at the T4 level. Prior to epidural analgesia in labor, or epidural anesthesia for Cesarean procedures, all patients received an intravenous infusion of 1000 ml or 1500 ml, respectively, of Ringers-lactate solution over 15 minutes for prehydration.

[0123] Assessment of Serum Ionized Magnesium, Total Magnesium and Ionized Calcium

[0124] A 7 to 20 cm section of umbilical cord was double-clamped at delivery and samples of venous and arterial blood were aspirated separately, placed in plain red-stoppered Vacutainer tubes and allowed to clot at room temperature. Peripheral blood samples were also obtained in an age-matched group of normal, healthy non-pregnant women by venipuncture via Vacutainer tubes under anaerobic conditions. All blood samples were then centrifuged at 3000 g for 15 minutes under anaerobic conditions, and an aliquot of serum was removed under anaerobic conditions and stored at −20 ° C. Samples were analyzed within two weeks using a NOVA Biomedical Stat Profile 8 Analyzer (NOVA Biomedical Corp., Waltham, Mass.) to measure IMg²⁺ and ICa²⁺. In addition, TMg levels were measured with either atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or a Kodak Ectachem DT-60 Analyzer (12). There was no significant differences for measurement of TMg between AAS or the Kodak Analyzer.

[0125] Mean levels±S.E.M.) of the cations and of the fractions of IMg²⁺ were calculated for each patient and control group. An attempt was made to see if there were any correlations between the levels determined and clinical parameters and if there were any relationships between the cations. The numbers of samples within each subgroup varied due to sample loss. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package (Notusis, M. J. SPSS/PCAT Release 3.1, Chicago, SPSS Inc., 1986) for the unpaired Student's t test, Chi-square analysis, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. All results are expressed as means± standard error of the mean (SEM) unless otherwise indicated. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

[0126] Ranges of IMg²⁺, Total Mg, %IMg²⁺ and ICa²⁺

[0127] The IMg²⁺ levels for both umbilical vein and artery, and the maternal vein, of the pregnant subjects remained within narrow ranges, i.e. 0.49-0.53 mmol/l, 95% confidence interval for the umbilical vein; 0.46-0.53 mmol/l, 95% confidence interval for the umbilical artery; and 0.46-0.51, 95% confidence intervals for the maternal venous blood. In non-pregnant women the serum range was 0.55-0.67 mmol/L. The ranges for total Mg were 0.70-0.745 mmol/l for the umbilical vein, 0.70-0.78 mmol/l for the umbilical artery, and 0.74-0.82 mmol/l for maternal blood. In non-pregnant women, the serum range was 0.70-0.98 mmol/L. The ranges for the ionized fractions were 68.6-72.2% for the umbilical vein, 61.5-67.8% for the umbilical artery, and 60.5-65.1% for maternal venous blood. In non-pregnant women, the serum % IMg²⁺ ranges from 67.2-75.2%.

[0128] The ICa²⁺ levels (95% confidence intervals) for both umbilical vein and artery had much wider ranges than those for IMg²⁺, i.e., 0.97-1.09 mmol/l for the artery and 1.11-1.23 mmol/l for the vein. For maternal venous blood, the ICa²⁺ range was (also much wider than for IMg²⁺, i.e.,) 0.87-1.28 mmol/l. In non-pregnant women the peripheral serum range was 1.10-1.30 mmol/L.

[0129] Relationships Between IMG²⁺ Levels, Fractions of Mg and Levels of ICa²⁺ in Umbilical Vessels of Normal Subjects

[0130] Mean umbilical arterial IMg²⁺ remained slightly (by 0.03 mmol/l) but significantly (p<0.05) lower than umbilical venous IMg²⁺ in the normal patients (Table 15), but there was a highly significant correlation (r=0.79) between both values (p<0.0001). The differences in the TMg between the cord blood in the two vessels were not significant, and the arterial TMg was highly correlated with the venous TMg (r=0.76) (p<0.0001). Arterial IMg²⁺ also correlated with arterial total Mg (r=0.56) (p<0.01) and similarly, venous IMg²⁺ correlated with venous total Mg (r=0.69) (p<0.0001). TABLE 15 Ionized Mg²⁺, Total Mg and % IMg²⁺ in Umbilical Arterial and Venous Cord Blood of Normal Subjects Arterial Venous IMg²⁺ TMg % IMg²⁺ TMg (mmol/l) (mmol/l) % IMg²⁺ (mmol/l) (mmol/l) % IMg²⁺ 0.48 ± 4.76 ± 63.5 ± 051 ± 0.72 ± 70.2 ± 0.01 0.02 1.87 0.001** 0.01 0.94*** (24) (2.3) (22) (38) (38)

[0131] The ionized fraction of Mg was significantly lower in the umbilical arteries than in the veins (p<0.01) and in both vessels the fractions were negatively correlated with the TMg levels (r=−0.42, p<0.05 in arteries and r=0.54, p<0.001 In the veins). In other terms, as the TMg rises, the % IMg²⁺ falls.

[0132] The mean ICa²⁺ level in the umbilical vein (1.20±0.02 mmol/L) was significantly higher than in the umbilical artery (1.03±0.03 mmol/L) (p<0.001). The umbilical arterial ICa²⁺ level was significantly correlated to the IMg²⁺ level (r=0.44, p=0.02), but this type of correlation was not seen in the vein. On the other hand, the ICa²⁺ levels correlated with the Mg fractions in both the umbilical artery (r=0.28, p<0.01) and umbilical vein (r=0.28, p<0.01) and umbilical vein (r=0.532, p<0.05).

[0133] Comparison of Relationships Between IMg²⁺ Levels, Fractions of Mg and Levels of ICa²⁺ in Peripheral Venous Blood Samples of Normal Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women with Samples from Umbilical Vessels

[0134] The mean level of IMg²⁺ in the peripheral venous blood of normal, pregnant women (0.485±0.01, n=26) was slightly but significantly less than that in the umbilical vein (Table 15) (p<0.05) and similar to that in the umbilical artery. The mean TMg in the peripheral blood of the mother (0.78±0.02, n=26) was significantly higher than in the umbilical vein (p<0.001), and the ionized fraction of Mg in the mother (62.2%) was significantly less than in the umbilical vein (p<0.001), and the ionized fraction of Mg in the mother (62%) was significantly less than in the umbilical vein (p<0.001), but similar to that in the artery. In the maternal veins, as in the umbilical vessels, the IMg²⁺ levels correlated with the total Mg levels (r=0.44, p<0.01 for both), and the IMg²⁺ ionized fraction was negatively correlated with the total Mg (r=−0.48, p<0.01).

[0135] As in the umbilical arteries, maternal venous ICa²⁺ (1.09±0.01 mmol/l) positively correlated (r values=0.5-0.6, p<0.002) with both maternal venous IMg²⁺ levels and with Mg fractions (p<0.01 for both). Also, as with umbilical arterial blood, this maternal peripheral venous ICa²⁺ level was significantly less than the umbilical venous level (p<0.001). In contrast to these values, the peripheral venous IMg²⁺ of non-pregnant, age-matched healthy women is approximately 15-20% higher (0.60±0.0005 mmol/L, n=42) than that of umbilical cord blood or maternal venous blood of women in labor. The peripheral venous TMg and % IMg²⁺ in the non-pregnant age-matched healthy women are 0.83±0.06 mmol/L and 71.6±0.58%, respectively.

[0136] Correlation of Demographic Variables with IMg²⁺ and ICa²⁺ Levels and Fractions in Umbilical Vessels of Normal Patients

[0137] In the normal study group, the maternal age ranged from 19 to 40 years, gestational age from 37.5 to 42.0 weeks, and birthweight from 2,608 to 4,706 grams. Within those ranges, there were no significant correlations between umbilical arterial or venous levels of IMg²⁺, TMg or ionized fraction of Mg²⁺ and the maternal or gestational ages and birthweights (Pearson's correlation coefficient p>0.05). However, there was a positive correlation between umbilical arterial ICa²⁺ and birthweight (r=0.36, p=0.04).

[0138] Multiparous patients had approximately an 8% lower mean umbilical venous IMg²⁺ than primiparous patients, (0.49±0.01 [n=24], versus 0.53±0.02 mmol/l [n=13] p=0.02. Differences in TMg levels or fractions were not significantly different nor were there differences in the arterial samples.

[0139] There were no differences between clinic and private patients in mean IMg²⁺, TMg levels, % IMg²⁺ or ICa²⁺ levels.

[0140] With regard to race, Blacks and Hispanics had similar levels of umbilical arterial and venous IMg²⁺ compared to Whites, but Asians had approximately 8% and 27% higher mean venous and arterial IMg²⁺ levels when compared to Whites (0.54±0.02 mmol/L versus 0.50±0.01 mmol/L venous, and 0.57±0.02 versus 0.45±0.01 mmol/L arterial, p=0.01 and 0.001, respectively). The percent ionized Mg²⁺ fractions, however, did not differ between Asians and Whites. On the other hand the percent ionized Mg²⁺ was significantly higher in Blacks than Whites in the umbilical vein (73.5±1.3 versus 68.8±1.1, p=0.03). In Hispanics the mean TMg level in the umbilical veins was significantly lower than that of Whites (0.66±0.02 versus 0.73±0.02, p=0.04).

[0141] ICa²⁺ levels also showed some variation with race. Asians appeared to have the highest mean umbilical venous ICa²⁺, compared to Whites (1.27± 0.04 versus 1.19±0.03 mmol/L) but this difference did not achieve statistical significance. The umbilical arterial ICa²⁺ of Hispanics was almost significantly higher than that of Whites (1.12±0.04 versus 0.99±0.05 mmo/L, p=0.06).

[0142] Influence of Mode of Delivery and Medications on IMg²⁺ Levels, Mg Fractions and ICa²⁺ Levels

[0143] As seen in Table 16, there were no significant differences in arterial or venous IMg²⁺, TMg and %IMg²⁺ levels in patients delivered by Cesarean section compared to those who had spontaneous vaginal delivery. But patients with operative vaginal delivery had both increased arterial and venous IMg²⁺ (p<0.05) and venous TMg (p=0.04) compared to patients with spontaneous vaginal delivery. ICa²⁺ levels did not vary with mode of delivery. TABLE 16 Ionized Magnesium Levels and Fractions and Ionized Ca2+ Levels in Umbilical Arteries and Veins of Normal Patients Versus Mode of Delivery and Anesthesia IMg²⁺ Total Mg % Ionized ICa²⁺ Mode of Delivery: NSVD v 0.51 ± 0.01 0.72 ± 0.02 69.8 ± 1.1 1.22 ± 0.02 (21) (21) (21) (21) a 0.48 ± 0.01 0.75 ± 0.03 63.9 ± 2.3 1.06 ± 0.04* (12) (11) (11) (12) Vaginal v 0.55 ± 0.80 ± 68.8 ± 2.7 1.21 ± 0.09 Operative 0.22** 0.04** (5) (5) (5) (5) a 0.57 ± 0.82 ± 0.04 69.7 ± 0.38 1.10 ± 0.07 0.03** (3) (3) (3) (3) Cesarean v 0.49 ± 0.01 0.69 ± 0.02 72.0 ± 1.6 1.17 ± 0.03 (11) (11) (11) (11) a 0.45 ± 0.02 0.71 ± 0.02 63.9 ± 2.3 0.98 ± 0.05 (18) (17) (16) (18) Use of Epidural: yes v 0.50 ± 0.01 0.70 ± 0.02 70.9 ± 1.1 1.20 ± 0.02 (25) (25) (25) (25) a 0.48 ± 0.01 0.72 ± 0.02 65.6 ± 15 1.06 ± 0.03* (18) (17) (16) (18) no v 0.53 ± 0.01⁺ 0.75 ± 0.02 69.3 ± 1.3 1.20 ± 0.03 (12) (12) (12) (12) a 0.49 ± 0.03 0.83 ± 0.05⁺ 62.0 ± 4.1 0.96 ± 0.07* (5) (4) (4) (5)

[0144] Use of epidural analgesia or anesthesia was associated with significantly lower umbilical venous IMg²⁺ levels (p=0.02). The TMg was decreased in the umbilical arteries with use of epidural. ICa²⁺ levels did not vary significantly.

[0145] There were no differences in umbilical venous Mg levels or fractions of ICa²⁺ levels between patients who received intravenous or intramuscular medications (e.g., meperidine, promethazine, oxytocin) versus those who did not. Relationship Between Normal Weight Grouping of Neonates and IMg²⁺ Levels, Fractions of Mg and Levels of ICa²⁺

[0146] Only one infant in the normal study group was borderline SGA and, thus, comparison of cation levels was not possible for such infants. However, umbilical venous samples from 12 LGA infants, and umbilical arterial samples from 11 of such subjects were compared with average for gestational age (AGA) neonates. In the venous samples, the ionized fraction was significantly greater in the LGA infants than the AGA neonates (73.0±1.4 versus 68.8±1.1%, p<0.05). Umbilical arterial ICa²⁺ was also significantly higher in the LGA group (1.10±0.04 versus 0.97±0.04 mmol/L, p<0.05).

[0147] Comparison of Demographic Variables and Outcomes Among the Different Study Groups

[0148] When the different study groups were compared with regard to maternal or gestational age, percent primigravida, race, or use of analgesia or medications, no differences were found (Table 17). The increased percentages of indigent patients in the group with transient hypertension approached significance (p=0.06). Unlike the other groups, none of the patients in the transient hypersensitive group were delivered by Cesarian section (Chi-square, p=0.02). TABLE 17 Comparison of Demographic Data, Medication in Labor, and Neonatal Outcome in the Different Study Groups Diagnosis Transient Normal Hypertension # of Patients 38 13 Maternal Age. yr 27.9 ± 0.9 25.4 ± 1.4 Race: White 19 (50.0) 6 (46.0) Black 4 (10.5) 3 (23.1) Hispanic 7 (18.4) 3 (23.1) Asian 8 (21.0) 1 (7.7) Primagravida 14 (36.8) 7 (53.8) Indigent 7 (18.4) 6 (46.2)* Mode of Delivery: NSVD 22 (57.9) 10 (76.9) Vaginal Operative 5 (13.2) 3 (23.1) Cesarean Section 11 (28.9) 0 (0)* EGA 39.6 ± 0.21 39.9 ± 0.29 Epidural 26 (68.4) 11 (84.6) Meperidine HCl, 2 (5.1) 0 (0) promethazine HCl Oxytocin 13 (34.2) 2 (15.4) Birth Weight (g) 3462.2 ± 79.1 3366.4 ± 122.4 LGA 13 (34.2) 3 (23.1) Meconium 3 (7.9) 1 (7.7) Male Newborn 16 (42.1) 4 (30.8)

[0149] There were no significant differences between the neonatal groups with regard to birthweight, macrosomia, meconium and sec distribution. None of the neonates of the mothers with transient hypertension were SGA. None of the neonates had significant morbidity or entered the neonatal intensive care unit.

[0150] Comparison of IMg²⁺ Levels, Fractions of Mg and ICa²⁺ Levels Between Normal Subjects and Transient Hypertensives

[0151] The mean IMg²⁺ level in the umbilical veins, but not in umbilical arteries, of transient hypertensives was significantly lower than that in normal patients (Table 18). The TMg levels were similar in the umbilical veins and arteries of both types of patients. When the mean TMg levels, IMg²⁺ and mean % ionized fractions in the transient hypertensives in the artery were compared to the vein, only the % IMg²⁺ was significantly different (P<0.01) from the normal subjects. Umbilical arterial ICa²⁺ (1.00±0.07 mmol/l) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than umbilical venous ICa²⁺ (1.17±0.003 mmol/l), as in the normal patients. However, both mean arterial and venous levels of ICa²⁺ did not differ significantly from the mean levels of normal patients. TABLE 18 Ionized Mg²⁺, Total Mg and % IMg²⁺ in Umbilical Arterial and Venous Cord Blood of Pregnant Women with Transient Hypertension in Labor Arterial Venous IMg²⁺ TMg IMg²⁺ TMg (mmol/l) (mmol/l) % IMg²⁺ (mmol/l) (mmol/l) % IMg²⁺ 0.44 ± 0.85 ± 62.0 ± 0.46 ± 0.75 ± 68.9 ± 0.02 0.13 1.68 0.01** 0.07 1.53*** (7)⁺ (7) (7) (13) (13) (13)

[0152] When the arteriovenous differences in the umbilical vessels for mean Mg levels and fractions were compared, we could not find any significant differences between normal pregnant women in labor and those presenting with transient hypertension in labor (Table 19).

[0153] It is known that labor induces significant elevations of serum epinephrine and norepinephrine. Deficits in [Mg²⁺]. are known to potentiate the contractile effects of catecholamines on all types of blood vessels, including umbilical arteries and veins. It has been shown that Mg therapy can blunt the hypertensive action of epinephrine, norepinephrine and other pressors without altering its cardiotonic action. However, patients who enter labor with a deficiency in ionized Mg²⁺ may not be able to blunt the hypertensive effects of rises in norepinephrine, epinephrine or other pressor agents related to stress. The end result is that the lower than normal IMg²⁺ allows more ICa²⁺ to enter, and be released from, the smooth muscle cells lining the peripheral blood vessels, resulting in decreased vascular lumen sizes and increases in peripheral vascular resistance. TABLE 19 Arteriovenous Differences in Mg Levels and Fractions in Normal Pregnant Women in Labor Compared to Those with Transient Hypertension in Labor Arteriovenous Differences IMg²⁺ TMg Group (mmol/l) (mmol/l) % IMg²⁺ Normal +0.03 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.02 −9.05 ± 1.95 (23)* (22) (22) Transient −0.02 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.02 −6.14 ± 1.42 Hypertension (7) (7) (7)

[0154] The overall data indicate that serum or plasma ionized Mg²⁺ levels in pregnancy are of diagnostic value. Transient hypertension in labor is associated with hypomagnesemia, which could account in large measure for the increase in blood pressure. Therefore, the present methodology for use in monitoring ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations throughout pregnancy allows the obstetrician to prevent pregnancy-induced pre-eclampsia, hypertension, convulsions and fetal growth retardation by treatment of the women with Mg²⁺ salts which elevate ionized Mg²⁺ when levels drop abnormally low. Furthermore, ionized Mg²⁺ levels may be a biochemical marker for following disease processes in pregnant women and their response to treatment.

EXAMPLE XX Ionized Magnesium and Calcium Levels in Cyclosporine Treated Renal Transplant Recipients

[0155] Ionized Mg²⁺ and ionized Ca²⁺ were measured in 54 cyclosporine (CSA) treated renal transplant recipients (6 mos. to 7 yrs. post-transplant, mean CSA=192±19.3 ng/dl) and 34 age-matched control subjects using an ion selective electrode.

[0156] Renal transplant recipients demonstrated pronounced deficits in mean ionized Mg²⁺ (0.48±0.01 vs. control 0.61±0.06 mM/L, p<0.001). These recipients demonstrated slight deficits in mean total magnesium (0.77±0.015 vs. 0.84±0.017 mM/L. p<0.001) and no change in mean ionized Ca²⁺ (1.20±0.02 vs. 1.18±0.01 mM/L. p=NS).

[0157] Renal transplant recipients with plasma cholesterol <215 mg/dl and control subjects did not show a correlation between cholesterol level, ionized Mg²⁺, ionized Ca²⁺ or total magnesium. Both ionized Mg²⁺ and total magnesium correlated positively (p<0.05) with plasma cholesterol in renal transplant recipients with plasma cholesterol levels >240 mg/dl. Renal transplant recipients with high plasma cholesterol levels also demonstrated a strong negative correlation between cyclosporine level and ionized Mg²⁺ (p<0.01), i.e., patients with high cyclosporine levels having the lowest ionized magnesium values.

[0158] Renal transplant recipients with high plasma cholesterol had strong positive correlation between cyclosporine levels and ionized Ca²⁺/ionized Mg²⁺ ratios and a negative correlation between plasma cholesterol and ionized Ca²⁺/ionized Mg²⁺ ratios.

[0159] Therefore, using the method of the present invention, it has been possible to correlate cyclosporine toxicity with ionized Mg²⁺ deficiencies in renal transplant recipients with hypercholesterolemia. The accelerated atherosclerosis noted in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients is related to alterations in ionized Mg²⁺ ratios. Ionized Mg²⁺, and not total Mg, appears to be the most sensitive clinical parameter in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients. Therefore, the method of the present invention in conjunction with measurements of plasma cholesterol is diagnostic and prognostic in predicting development or exacerbation of atherosclerosis in renal transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine. Therapeutic intervention with magnesium to bring the plasma levels of ionized magnesium to within the normal range of approximately 0.53-0.67 mM serves to lessen atherosclerosis in renal transplant recipients with high plasma cholesterol levels.

EXAMPLE XXI Ionized Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ Ratios

[0160] Since determinations of ionized Ca²⁺ have been suggested to be of value in critical care medicine (Zaloga, G. P. et al. Crit. Care Med. 15:813-816, 1987; Olinger, M. L. The Emerg. Med. Clin. N. Amer. 7:795-822, 1989) and significant alterations in ionized Mg²⁺ can be measured using the present methods, it is reasonable to examine and utilize Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ ratios in the diagnosis and treatment of disease states where both of these cations could be expected to exhibit subtle changes in body fluids. The data described herein, particularly for cardiac patients and such patients on cardiopulmonary bypass indicate that the Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ ratios are significantly diagnostic and prognostic markers for hypotension, coronary vasospasm and dysrhythmias during and post cardiac surgery. Additionally, Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ ratios may be diagnostic and prognostic in determining the severity and progression of head trauma, abnormal pregnancies, and hypotension.

[0161] Currently, it is recommended by the US National Academy of Sciences that human subjects consume in their diets 900-1000 mg/day of elemented calcium (which=22.5-25 mmoles of Ca) and 350-400 mg/day of elemental magnesium (which=14.4-16.5 mmoles of Mg). This represents molar ratios (Ca/Mg) of 1.36-1.74. All current diet supplements and dietary components are based on these values. However, these values used by the USA National Academy of Sciences are based on metabolic balance studies of calcium and magnesium in human subjects. Such metabolic balance studies are based on total calcium and total magnesium balances, not on the biologically (or physiologically) active minerals, which are the ionic forms, i.e. ICa²⁺ and IMg²⁺.

[0162] The measurements on whole blood, plasma and serum levels of ICa²⁺ and IMg²⁺ by the method of the present invention, using an ion selective electrode, yield mean ICa²⁺ levels of about 1.20 mM/L and IMg²⁺ levels of about 0.60 mM/L. This is a molar ratio of approximately 2.00/l. Therefore, the old formulation based on total calcium and total magnesium is incorrect. Normal diets should contain a molar ratio of approximately 2.0/1.0 for Ca/Mg in order to maintain the proper blood levels of ionized Ca²⁺ and ionized Mg²⁺. Dietary supplements, vitamin and mineral supplements should thus be based on such a new ratio.

EXAMPLE XXII Treatment of Headache

[0163] METHODS AND MATERIALS

[0164] Forty consecutive patients who presented to the headache clinic with a moderate or severe headache of any type (4 or higher on a verbal 1 to 10 scale) were enrolled in this study after an informed consent. Some patients came in to the clinic with the purpose of participating in the study, while others had routine appointments and happened to have had a headache at the time of visit. Patients with renal, cardiac, diabetic or other medical problems were excluded. The international Headache Society classification was used to diagnose all patients.²³ Age-matched healthy volunteers served as control subjects.

[0165] Immediately prior to the magnesium infusion a blood sample of serum IMg²⁺, total magnesium (TMg) and ionized calcium (ICa²⁺) was drawn under anaerobic conditions. The laboratory personnel (B.T.A., B.M.A.) were blinded as the blood samples were not accompanied by any clinical information, while the clinician administering the infusion (A.M.) received test results several days after the completion of the evaluation. Serum levels of IMg²⁺ and ICa²⁺ were measured using ion-selective electrodes with a NOVA Biomedical Stat Profile 8 Analyzer.¹⁶⁻¹⁸ The lower limit of normal for IMg²⁺ levels in this study was 0.55/mmol/L. The normal range for the ICa²⁺/IMg²⁺ ratio is 1.92-2.08. In 95% of the normal controls, IMg²⁺ was equal to or above 0.55 mmol/L and below 0.66 mmol/L, and ICa²⁺ was between 1.15 and 1.25 mmol/L. Total Mg in the serum was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and a Kodak DT-60 Ektachem Analyzer, which yield identical results.¹⁶⁻¹⁸ Normal serum total Mg varies between 0.70-1.05 mmol/L. Percent IMg²⁺ (%IMg²⁺) and ICa²⁺/Mg²⁺ ratios were calculated.

[0166] One gram of MgSO₄ [Astra Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Mass.] in a 10% solution was given intravenously over 5 minutes. Headache intensity was measured on a verbal 1 to 10 scale prior to and 15 minutes after the infusion. A greater than 50% reduction of pain intensity was considered a positive response. The recurrence or worsening of a headache within the following 24 was determined in a telephone interview on the following day. The clinical response to the IMg²⁺ levels was correlated. The correlation was considered to be positive if patients with a normal IMg²⁺ level (≧0.55 mmol/L) had no relief or less than 24 hrs of relief. In patients with low IMg²⁺ levels (<0.55 mmol/L), a correlation was considered positive only if relief lasted for more than 24 hrs.

[0167] Mean values±S.E.M. were calculated and compared for statistical significance by a Student's t-test, ANOVA with Scheffe's contrast test, analysis of co-variance for age, and linear regression analysis, where appropriate. Chi-Square tests were also utilized where appropriate. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

[0168] RESULTS

[0169] Classification and Response to IV MgSO₄

[0170] The first 40 patients treated included 16 patients with migraines without aura, 9 patients with cluster headaches and 15 with chronic daily headaches. The category of chronic daily headaches is not included in the original IHS classification, but several proposal for this new category have been published because some patients were not classifiable. Silberstein et al. have proposed a subdivision for characterization of headaches which includes new daily persistent headaches (NDPH) and transformed migraine (TM). Using this new subdivision, nine patients were identified with TM and two with NDPH. Patients with daily headaches were divided into those with migrainous types of headaches (i.e., three or more of the following six migraine features: presence of nausea, unilateral pain, pulsatile quality of pain, worsening of pain by light physical activity, photophobia and phonophobia) and those with daily tension-type headaches. Eleven patients with daily headaches had chronic migrainous and four had tension headaches. Of the nine patients with cluster headaches, eight had episodic cluster headaches and one had a chronic one. One patient (#1, Table 1) with a typical migraine headache was diagnosed to have acute glaucoma the day after infusion.

[0171] Almost all patients reported having a flushed feeling during the IV infusion of MSO₄. No other side effects were noted. Patients who responded to the treatment were highly satisfied with the results. TABLE I Serum Ionized Magnesium Levels in Patients with Different Types of Headaches Before Intravenous MgSO⁴: Responders Versus Non-Respondees Return Correlat- Patient IMg²⁺ Within tion Resp: No Sex Age (mmol/L) Response 24 hr IMg²⁺** Migraine 1 F 45 0.59 Y* Y Y 2 F 47 0.54 Y Y Y 3 F 37 0.48 Y N⁺ Y 4 F 49 0.59 Y N N 5 F 48 0.57 Y Y Y 6 F 48 0.54 N — Y 7 F 52 0.45 Y Y N 8 F 41 0.54 Y Y Y 9 F 42 0.42 Y N Y 10 F 33 0.50 Y N Y 11 F 36 0.48 Y N Y 12 M 31 0.60 Y N N 13 F 29 0.52 Y N Y 14 F 38 0.55 Y Y Y 15 F 35 0.58 Y Y Y 16 F 42 0.56 Y Y Y Cluster 17 M 40 0.44 Y N Y 18 F 32 0.45 Y N Y 19 M 35 0.49 Y N Y 20 M 46 0.49 Y N Y 21 M 39 0.54 Y Y Y 22 F 47 0.60 Y Y Y 23 M 29 0.53 Y Y N 24 M 40 0.55 Y N N 25 F 31 0.53 Y N Y Chronic Migrainous 26 F 39 0.52 Y N Y 27 F 14 0.52 Y N Y 28 M 42 0.45 Y N Y 29 F 45 0.43 Y Y N 30 M 33 0.51 N — N 31 F 22 0.55 N — Y 32 F 46 0.59 N — Y 33 F 51 0.49 N — N 34 F 41 0.64 Y Y Y 35 F 40 0.59 N — Y 36 F 30 0.55 Y N N Chronic Tension 37 F 51 0.61 N — Y 38 M 55 0.57 N — Y 39 M 41 0.50 Y N Y 40 F 34 0.59 Y N N

[0172] Of the 40 patients to whom IV MgSO₄ was administered, 32 (80%) had at least a 50% initial reduction of pain intensity. In most patients, headaches began to improve before the end of infusion. Complete elimination of pain was observed in 80% of the patients within 5 min of infusion. Of these 32 patients, 18 had persistent relief of their headache beyond 24 hours. Of these 18 with sustained relief, 14 had a serum IMg²⁺ equal to or below 0.54. Of the 22 who either did not respond or had their headache return within 24 hours, 13 had an IMg²⁺ level of 0.55 mmol/L or above. In most patients whose headache returned within 24 hours, relief lasted for only 1-2 hours. Overall, in 75% of the patients there was a correlation between the clinical response to IV MgSO₄ and the serum IMg²⁺ level (P<0.01).

[0173] Long-term responses to MgSO₄ varied in the different diagnostic categories. All nine patients with cluster headaches had their acute headache aborted by Mg therapy. The one patient (#17) with a chronic headache had relief for 28 hours after the initial and each of the three subsequent infusions. Repeat IMg²⁺ measurements after 48 hr intervals revealed persistent low levels in most of these cluster headache patients. In two patients (#18 and #19) with episodic clusters, a single infusion of MgSO₄ aborted the entire cluster episode. In another two subjects (#24 and #25), with episodic clusters, headaches returned within 24 hrs, while the other four patients had relief for two-seven days. Repeat infusions of 1 to 3 gram of MgSO₄ each produced relief lasting approximately 48 hours. A return of headaches was accompanied by a drop in IMg²⁺ levels to 0.48 mmol/L or less.

[0174] Long-term results in patients with intermittent migraine attacks is difficult to gauge because of the variable frequency of migraines in these patients. Responses in patients with chronic headaches also varied. For example, in patient #28 (Table 1) the relief lasted 24 hours, but the return of the headache was accompanied by a drop in IMg²⁺ level to 0.44 mmol/L. In our youngest patient (#27), a single infusion of MgSO₄ produced a positive response to Mg that persists five months later, at the time of this writing. Various therapists (i.e., acetaminophen—1000 mg or ibuprofen—400 mg-four times/day; nabumetone— 1000 mg/day for two weeks; cyproheptadine—4 mg nightly for two weeks; physical exercise) were tried in this patient for two months prior to the infusion with no relief.

[0175] Serum Ionized Mg, Total Mg, Ionized Calcium, Percent Ionized Mg and ICa²⁺/IMg²⁺ Ratio in Responders, Non-Responders and Sub-Categories of Headache

[0176] Although the total serum Mg levels for all subcategories of headache, including responders to IV MgSO₄, were within the normal healthy control volunteer levels (Tables 1-3), both the non-responders and the patients presenting with chronic tension headaches exhibited an elevation of TMg compared to the responders and other subgroups (Tables 2 and 3). Patients demonstrating no return of headache or associated symptoms within 24 hrs. of IV MgSO₄ exhibited the lowest initial basal levels of IMg²⁺ (Tables 1 and 2). Although all subcategories of headache types (except chronic tension) investigated exhibited low serum IMg²⁺ during headache pain, and prior to IV MgSO₄, the patients with cluster headaches exhibited the lowest basal levels of IMg²⁺. All headaches subjects, except for the non-responders and the chronic tension group, exhibited rather high ICa²⁺/IMg²⁺ ratios; ICa²⁺ levels, however, were not significantly different from healthy volunteers (Tables 2 and 3). When compared to healthy age-matched volunteers, all types of headache subject, including the non-responders, demonstrated a deficit in percent IMg²⁺, representing approximately an 11-18% fall-off from normal (Tables 2 and 3). TABLE 2 Serum Ionized Magnesium, Total Magnesium, Percent Ionized Magnesium and Ionized Calcium in Healthy Volunteers versus Headache Responders and Non-Responders Before IV MgSO. mmol/L Group N IMg²⁺ TMg ICa²⁺ % I Mg²⁺ ICa²⁺/IMg²⁺ Controls 60 0.60 ± 0.008  0.82 ± 0.009 1.22 ± 0.008 73.1 ± 0.62 2.03 ± 0.03 All 40 0.531 ± 0.008* 0.868 ± 0.012 1.22 ± 0.005 61.1 ± 0.77* 2.33 ± 0.04* Headache Subjects Initial 32 0.524 ± 0.009* 0.860 ± 0.014 1.22 ± 0.005 61.0 ± 0.91* 2.35 ± 0.05* Responders No Return of 18 0.503 ± 0.011* 0.841 ± 0.019 1.22 ± 0.008 60.1 ± 1.15* 2.44 ± 0.06* Headache Within 24 hr Non- 8 0.556 ± 0.014 0.901 ± 1.22 ± 0.014 61.8 ± 1.36* 2.18 ± 0.053 Responders 0.021**

[0177] TABLE 3 Serum Ionized Magnesium, Total Magnesium, Ionized Calcium, Percent Ionized Magnesium and Ionized Calcium/Magnesium Ratio in Various Types of Headache Patients Versus Healthy Volunteers Headache mmol/L Type N IMg²⁺ TMg ICa²⁺ % IMg²⁺ ICa²⁺/IMg²⁺ A. 60 0.60 ± 0.008  0.82 ± 0.009 1.22 ± 0.008 73.1 ± 0.62 2.03 ± 0.03 Controls B. Migraine 16 0.531 ± 0.013* 0.869 ± 0.023 1.22 ± 0.035 61.4 ± 1.37* 2.32 ± 0.26* C. Cluster 9 0.513 ± 0.016* 0.847 ± 0.015 1.22 ± 0.011 60.5 ± 1.73* 2.40 ± 0.08* D. Chronic 11 0.531 ± 0.018* 0.864 ± 0.019 1.22 ± 0.006 61.3 ± 1.44* 2.30 ± 0.08* Migrainous E. Chronic 4 0.568 ± 0.024 0.925 ± 0.044 1.23 ± 0.03 61.4 ± 0.88* 2.18 ± 0.08 Tension

EXAMPLE XXIII Treatment of Headache by Oral Administration of Aqueous Magnesium

[0178] MgSO₄ was dissolved in bottled water containing low sodium, no calcium and little or no other anions or minerals (Bartlett Springs, Calif.) in a concentration of 200-450 mg per liter of water.

[0179] Three patients having symptoms of migraine headaches imbibed 1-2 liters of the aqueous magnesium solution per day on a daily basis for over a two-year period. This provided approximately 8 to about 37 mmoles Mg per day. The headache symptoms were alleviated within two-three months of treatment. The patients remained free of headache symptoms for over two years.

EXAMPLE XXIV Treatment of Hypo- and Hyper-Magnesemia States

[0180] Use of the present invention allows the physician, veterinarian and researcher to scientifically monitor and treat hypo- or hypermagnesemia states.

[0181] Candidates for treatment with Mg²⁺ or calcium and Mg²⁺ include animals, particularly mammals such as humans with migraine, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypomagnesemia, critical illnesses, lung diseases, abnormal pregnancy, undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, head trauma, aminoglycoside (or other antibiotics) toxicity, chemotherapeutic drug-induced hypomagnesemia or those in high risk categories for heart attack or stroke such as those with hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, or smokers and the like. Candidates for Mg²⁺ treatment or Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ treatment also includes those with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, renal transplant recipients and non-insulin dependent diabetics. The amount of Mg²⁺ administered will, of course depend upon the seventy of the condition being treated, the route of administration chosen, and the dose of Mg²⁺, and ultimately will be decided by the attending physician or veterinarian. As a guide, a concentration of Mg²⁺, as used in the prior art include regimens similar lo those reported by clinicians for different disease states (Wacker, W. E. C. Magnesium and Man, 1980; Iseri, C. T. et al. West J. Med. 138:823-828, 1983; Zaloga, G. P. In: Problems in Critical Care Vol 4, 1990; Rudnick, M. et al. APMIS 98:1123-1127, 1990; Rasmussen, H. S. et al. Lancet 1:234-236, 1986; Berkelhammer, C. et al. Canadian Med. Assoc. J. 312:360-368, 1985; Cohen, L. et al. Magnesium 3:159-163, 1984; Dyckner, T. et al. Brit. Med. J. 286:1847-1849, 1983; Olinger, M. L. The Emerg. Med. Clin. N. Amer. 7:795-822, 1989; Kobrin, S. M. et al. Sem. in Nephrol. 10:525-535, 1990). Use of the present methodology and assessment of ionized Mg²⁺, rapidly, will make it possible to monitor a patient's response to therapeutic regimens in a precise and carefully controlled manner, which was heretofore not possible.

[0182] Mg²⁺ or Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ may be administered by any route appropriate to the condition being treated including intravenous (IV), intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral, nasal, and the like. Preferably, the Mg²⁺ is injected IV into the blood stream of the mammal being treated especially in acute cases of hypomagnesemia. It will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that the preferred route will vary with the condition being treated.

[0183] While it is possible for the Mg²⁺ to be administered as the pure or substantially pure mineral, it is preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical formulation or preparation. Suitable bioavailable magnesium salts and magnesium compounds are well known in the art as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,954,349 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,195, incorporated herein by reference.

[0184] The formulations for the present invention, both veterinary and for human use, comprise Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ or Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and optionally other therapeutic ingredients. The carrier(s) must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any method well known in the pharmaceutical art.

[0185] All methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.

[0186] Formulations suitable for intravenous, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal administration conveniently comprise sterile aqueous solutions of the active ingredient with solutions which are preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient. Such formulations may be conveniently prepared by dissolving solid active ingredient in water containing physiologically compatible substances such as sodium chloride (e.g. 0.1-2.6 M), Ringers solution, parenteral solution for I.V. or oral administration and the like, and having a buffered pH compatible with physiological conditions to produce an aqueous solution, and rendering said solution sterile. These may be presented in unit or multi-dose containers, for example, sealed ampoules or vials.

[0187] The formulations of the present invention may incorporate a stabilizer. Illustrative stabilizers are polyethylene glycol, proteins, saccharides, amino acids, inorganic acids, and organic acids which may be used either on their own or as admixtures. These stabilizers are preferably incorporated in an amount of 0.11-10,000 parts by weight per part by weight of mineral. If two or more stabilizers are to be used their total amount is preferably within the range specified above. These stabilizers are used in aqueous solutions at the appropriate concentration and pH. The specific osmotic pressure of such aqueous solutions is generally in the range of 0.25-0.35 osmoles, preferably in the range of 0.29-0.32. The pH of the aqueous solution is adjusted to be within the range of 7.0-8.0, preferably within the range of 7.2-7.6. In formulating the therapeutic agent of the present invention, anti-adsorption agent may be used.

[0188] It is an object of the present invention to provide a mineral composition for the prevention or treatment of magnesium imbalances or deficiencies or calcium/magnesium imbalances in an adult comprising calcium in the form of a bioavailable pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and magnesium in the form of a bioavailable pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, alone or in combination to achieve or maintain a molar ratio of ionized Ca⁺⁺/ionized Mg⁺⁺ of about 2.5:1-1:1, more preferably about 1.5:1, and most preferably about 2:1 in the blood or a molar ratio of ionized Ca²⁺/ionized Mg²⁺ of about 0.90:1 to 1.15:1, more preferable 0.92:1 to about 1.1:1, most preferably about 1:1 in cerebral spinal fluid.

[0189] It is an object of the present invention to provide a mineral composition for the prevention or treatment of magnesium deficiencies, magnesium imbalances and calcium/magnesium imbalances based on the measured ionized level of Mg²⁺ in whole blood, serum, plasma and other body fluids obtained by the method of the present invention using an ion selective electrode. If the measured ionized Mg²⁺ in blood, serum or plasma is 0.5 mmol/l or less, then a bioavailable pharmaceutically acceptable magnesium salt which will result in a calculated dose of 400-600 mg/day of elemental magnesium should be given. Calcium should be administered in such a situation in the form of a bioavailable pharmaceutically acceptable calcium salt which will maintain the blood, plasma or serum level of ionized Ca²⁺/ionized Mg²⁺ in the molar ratio of about 2:1 after the ionized Mg²⁺ level has been restored to the normal optimal level of about 0.58-0.60 mmol/l. If, however, the measured level of ionized Mg²⁺ is between about 0.5-0.6 mmol/l, then a bioavailable pharmaceutically acceptable magnesium salt which will result in a calculated dose of 300 mg/day of element magnesium should be administered. Calcium, in this situation, should be administered in the form a of a bioavailable pharmaceutically acceptable calcium salt which will maintain the blood, plasma or serum level of ionized Ca²⁺/ionized Mg²⁺ in the molar ratio of about 2:1 after the ionized Mg²⁺ level has been restored to the normal optimal level of about 0.58-0.60 mmol/l. For prevention of magnesium deficiencies and disease states which require a greater need for magnesium intake, a bioavailable pharmaceutically acceptable magnesium salt and a calcium salt which will result in calculated doses of approximately 200 mg of elemental magnesium and approximately 640 mg of elemental calcium, respectively, should be administered each day. This results in a molar ratio of calcium/magnesium of approximately 2:1.

[0190] It is a further object of the present invention to provide a mineral composition for prevention or treatment of magnesium deficiencies, magnesium imbalances, and calcium/magnesium imbalances based on the measured ionized level of Mg²⁺ and ionized Ca²⁺ in whole blood, serum plasma and other body fluids of a neonate, infant and child obtained by the method of the present invention using an ion selective electrode. Bioavailable pharmaceutically acceptable magnesium salt is administered to the neonate, infant and child in a concentration sufficient to attain or maintain the normal physiological ionized Mg²⁺ levels in the blood. Bioavailable pharmaceutically acceptable calcium salt is administered in a concentration sufficient to maintain the blood, plasma, or serum level of ionized Ca²⁺/ionized Mg²⁺ in the molar ratio of about 1.9:1 to about 2.6:1, more preferably 2.3:1 to about 2.5:1, most preferably about 2.5:1 after the ionized Mg²⁺ level has been restored to the normal physiological level.

[0191] Bioavailable magnesium salts include conventional pharmaceutically acceptable organic and inorganic dietary supplement salts of magnesium such as magnesium oxide, magnesium phosphate, magnesium diphosphate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium aspartate, magnesium aspartate hydrochloride, magnesium chloride and the hydrates thereof, and the like. Bioavailable calcium salts include conventional pharmaceutically acceptable organic and inorganic dietary supplement salts of calcium such as dibasic calcium phosphate or the like.

[0192] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a solid oral dose form composition. The composition may be in the form of conventional pharmaceutical solid unit dosage forms such as a tablet, capsule, or sachet or the like, containing the magnesium and calcium components in the requisite ratio.

[0193] The bioavailable magnesium may be in a controlled release form wherein, upon ingestion, the magnesium is released into the gastrointestinal tract over a prolonged period of time or in an uncontrolled instant release form, or combination thereof.

[0194] In one embodiment, the bioavailable magnesium salt is released from the formulation at an average percent rate at least equal to the average percent rate of release of the calcium salt.

[0195] Preparation of the composition into a solid oral dose form along with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipient are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,954,349.

[0196] The present mineral composition may be given alone, as a dietary supplement, or may be administered with other minerals and/or with vitamins. One such multimineral dietary daily supplement includes, but is not limited to the following: Approximate Elemental Mineral Concentration Calcium (as Dibasic Calcium Phosphate) 320-1280 mg Magnesium (as Magnesium Sulfate) 100-400 mg Phosphorus (as Dibasic Calcium phosphate) 125 mg Iodine (as Potassium Iodide) 150 ug Iron (as Ferrous Fumarate) 18 mg Copper (as Cupric Oxide) 2 mg Zinc (as Zinc Oxide) 15 mg Manganese (as Manganese Sulfate) 2.5 mg Potassium (as Potassium Chloride) 40 mg Chloride (as Potassium Chloride) 36.3 mg Chromium (as Chromium Chloride) 25 ug Molybdenum (as Sodium Molybdate) 25 ug Selenium (as Sodium Selenite) 25 ug Vitamin K (as Phytonadione) 25 ug Nickel (as Nickelous Sulfate) 5 ug Tin (as Stannous Chloride) 10 ug Silicon (as Sodium Metasilicate) 10 ug Vanadium (as Sodium Metavanadate) 10 ug

[0197] The mineral composition of the present invention may also be administered with one or more of the following vitamins: Vitamin Concentrations Vitamin A (as Acetate and Beta Carotene) 5000 I.U.¹ Vitamin E (as dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate) 30 I.U. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) 60 mg Folic Acid 0.4 Vitamin B-1 (as Thiamine Mononitrate) 1.5 mg Vitamin B-2 (Riboflavin) 1.7 mg Niacin (Niacinamide) 20 mg Vitamin B-6 (as Pyridoxine HCl) 2 mg Vitamin B-12 (Cyanocobalamin) 6 ug Vitamin D (Calciferol) 400 I.U. Biotin 30 ug Pantothenic Acid (as Calcium Pantothenate) 10 mg

[0198]

[0199] A further aspect of the present invention is a Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ mineral composition for use in an infant formula. The mineral composition provides a concentration of calcium and magnesium to ensure a ionized molar ratio of approximately 1.9 to about 2.6:1, more preferably 2.3:1 to about 2.5:1 of ionized Ca²⁺:ionized Mg²⁺.

[0200] An infant formula suitable for feeding neonates and infants comprises protein, carbohydrate, water, vitamins, minerals and an edible fat. The Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ mineral composition for the infant formula contains between about 0.25 mmoles/kg/day to about 0.625 mmoles/kg/day of calcium in the form of a bioavailable pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, between about 0.1 mmoles/kg/day to about 0.25 mmoles/kg/day of magnesium in the form of a bioavailable pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in order to achieve or maintain a molar ratio of ionized Ca²⁺/ionized Mg²⁺ in the blood of about 1.9 to about 2.6:1; more preferably 2.3:1 to about 2.5:1, most preferably about 2.5:1.

[0201] The other components in the infant formula and concentrations are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 4,670,285, and in: Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in infancy (2nd Ed) E. Lebenthal (Ed.) 1989, Raven Press, NY, N.Y. pp. 435-458 incorporated herein by reference.

[0202] It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims.

[0203] The references and patents referred to are incorporated herein by reference.

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What is claimed is:
 1. A method of diagnosis or prognosis of a headache in a patient, said headache capable of being diagnosed or prognosed by a method for determining ionized magnesium ion concentrations in biological samples, the method comprising: a. collecting the biological sample under conditions which minimize or prevent exchange of gases between the biological sample and atmospheric air, b. maintaining the biological sample under conditions which minimize or prevent exchange of gases between the biological sample and atmospheric air prior to measurement of ionized Mg²⁺, c. measuring ionized Mg²⁺ concentrations, and d. comparing the ionized Mg²⁺ concentration of the patient to a normal ionized Mg²⁺ concentration.
 2. A method of claim 1 wherein the normal ionized magnesium ion concentration is approximately 0.54 to 0.67 mM for the biological sample of whole blood, serum or plasma.
 3. A composition for prevention or treatment of headache in an individual, the composition comprising as an active ingredient bioavailable magnesium, wherein a concentration of bioavailable magnesium in said composition is sufficient to prevent or treat the headache in the individual, said individual having an ionized magnesium deficiency prior to treatment.
 4. A composition of claim 3 wherein the concentration of elemental magnesium is at least 200 mg.
 5. A composition of claim 3 wherein the concentration of elemental magnesium is about 200 mg to about 400 mg.
 6. A composition of claim 3 wherein the magnesium is in the form of a highly water soluble, bioavailable, nontoxic salt.
 7. A composition of claim 3 wherein the magnesium is in the form of magnesium sulfate, MgSO₄.7H₂O, MgCl or MgCl.6H₂O.
 8. A composition of claim 6 wherein the magnesium salt is in a concentration of about 500 mg to about 5 gms.
 9. A composition of claim 7 wherein the magnesium sulfate is in a concentration of about 1 to about 3 grams.
 10. Method of treating a headache in an individual comprising: a. administration of bioavailable magnesium in an amount sufficient to inhibit at least one headache symptom in the individual.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the symptom is pain, aura, photophobia, nausea, unilateral pain, or phonophobia.
 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the administration is intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, rectal, nasal, or aqueous oral administration.
 13. The method of claim 10 wherein the administration is provided intravenously over a two-to-fifteen-minute period.
 14. The method of claim 10 wherein the administration is more than one dose.
 15. The method of claim 10 wherein the magnesium is in the form of a highly water soluble, bioavailable, non-toxic salt.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the magnesium salt is magnesium sulfate. MgSO₄.7H₂O, MgCl, or MgCl.6H₂O.
 17. The method of claim 15 wherein about 500 mg to about 5 grams of the magnesium is administered.
 18. The method of claim 10 wherein the amount is sufficient to raise a serum ionized magnesium concentration in the patient to about 0.55 mM to about 0.67 mM. 